Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

60 Matsumoto, op. cit. note 59.

61 Там же.

62 Inaki Barron, “High Speed Rail: The Big Picture”, testimony before the Subcommittee on railroads, Pipelines and Materials (Washington, DC: Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, 19 April 2007); Railteam, “European High Speed Rail Operators Launch Railteam”, press release (Brussels: 2 July 2007); Bruce Crumley, “European Train Travel: Working on the Railroad”, Time, 28 May 2009.

63 “Ave Madrid”, The Economist , 5 February 2009.

64 “A High-Speed Revolution”, The Economist, 5 July 2007.

65 Barron, op. cit. note 62.

66 Jack Kinstlinger, Magnetic Levitation High Speed Rail Service Along the Eastern Seaboard (Hunt Valley, MD: KCI Technologies, Inc., 2007).

67 Huang Xin, “China Starts Work on Beijing-Shanghai Express Railway”, Xinhua , 18 April 2008.

68 Пресс-релиз John L. Mica, “Opening Statement: Rep. Shuster from Today’s Hearing on High Speed Rail”, (Washington, DC: Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, 19 April 2007); American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Public Law 111–5, 111th Congress, 1st session (6 January 2009).

69National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (1956), Public Law 627, Chapter 462, 84th Congres, 2nd session (27 June 1956).

70 “Californians Approve High-Speed Rail, Nix Fake Clean Energy Props”, Environment News Service, 5 November 2008.

71 Gerhard Metschies, ”Pain at the Pump”, Foreign Policy, July/August 2007; Ward’s Automotive Group, World Motor Vehicle Data 2008 (Southfield, MI: 2008).

72 Office of the Press Secretary, “President Obama Announces National Fuel Efficiency Policy”, press release (Washington, DC: 19 May 2009); Keith Bradsher, “China is Said to Plan Strict Gas Millage Rules”, New York Times, 27 May 2009; Andrewe. Revkin, “Fuel Efficiency Standards: Not So Efficient?” New York Times, 19 May 2009.

73 Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker, Amory B. Lovins и L. Hunter Lovins, Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Recourse Use (London: Earthscan, 1997); Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek et al., Factor 10: Making Sustainability Accountable, Putting Resource Productivity into Praxis (Carnoules, France, Factor 10 Club, 1998), р. 5.

74 William McDonough и Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things (New York: North Point Press, 2002); Rebecca Smith, “Beyond Recycling: Manufactures Embrace ‘C2C’ Design”, Wall Street Journal , 3 March 2005.

75 Rona Fried, “Recycling Industry Offers Recession-Proof Investing,” Solar Today, July/August 2008, pp. 22 – 23.

76 Claude Mandil et al Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions (Paris: IEA, 2007), pp. 39, 59 – 61.

77 World Steel Association, World Steel in Figures 2009 (Brussels: 2009); Mandil et al., op. cit. note 76, pp. 39, 59 – 61.

78 “Iron and Steel Scrap”, в U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Mineral Commodity Summaries (Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2009), pp. 84 – 85; “Steel Recycling Rates at a Glance,” fact sheet (Pittsburgh, PA: Steel Recycling Institute, 2007); Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, “Recycling Trivia,” – см.: www.deq.state. ms.us, просмотрено автором 17 октября 2007 г.

79 Четвертая часть электричества взята из работы: Mandil et al., op. cit. note 76, р. 106; снижение потребления электричества рассчитано на основе данных International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI), “Crude Steel Production by Process,” World Steel in Figures 2007, на www.worldsteel. org, просмотрено автором 16 октября 2007 г.; McKinsey Global Institute, Curbing Global Energy Demand Growth: The Energy Productivity Opportunity (Washington, DC: May 2007).

80 “Cement”, в USGS op. cit. note 78, pp. 40 – 41; экономия электричества путем введения японских технологий рассчитана по U.N. Environment Programme, Buildings and Climate Change: Status, Challenges and Opportunities (Paris: 2007), р. 19; экономия электричества при использовании технологии сухого обжига рассчитана по Mandil et al.., op. cit. note 76.

81 Вес автобуса рассчитан на основе данных, взятых из работы: John Shonsey et al., RTD Bus Transit Facility Design Guidelines and Criteria (Denver, CO: Regional Transportation District, февраль 2006); вес машины рассчитан на основе данных, приведенных в работе: Stacy C. Davis и Susan W. Diegel, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26 (Oak Ridge, TN: ORNL, DOE, 2007), р. 415; соотношение веса автобуса к весу машины взято из: American Public Transportation Association, The Benefits of Public Transportation – An Overview (Washington, DC: September 2002).

82 Mandil et al., op. cit. note 76, pp. 265 – 68.

83 Ljupka Arsova et al, “The State of Garbage in America”, BioCycle, vol. 49, No. 12 (December 2008); Malia Wollan, “San Francisco to Toughen a Strict Recycling Law”, New York Times , 11 June 2009; Felicity Barringer, “A City Commited to Recycling is Ready for More”, New York Times, 7 May 2008.

84 “New Hampshire Town Boosts Recycling with Pay-As-You-Throw”, Environment News Service , 21 March 2007; данные о населении с сайта города Лайм – cм.: www.lymenh.gov, просмотрено автором 3 июня 2009 г.

85 “New Hampshire Town Boosts Recycling”, op. cit. note 84.

86 Информация о Финляндии взята из Brenda Platt и Neil Seldman, Wasting and Recycling in the United States 2000 (Athens, GA: GrassRoots Recycling Network, 2000); Prince Edward Island Government, “PEI Bans the Can”, – см.: www.gov.pe.ca, просмотрено автором 15 августа 2005 г.; Brenda Platt и Doug Rowe, Reduce, Reuse, Refill! (Washington, DC: Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 2002); David Saphire, Case Reopened: Reassessing Refillable Bottles (New York: INFORM, Inc., 1994).

87 Sue McAllister, “Commercial Recycling Centers: Turning Debris into Treasure”, San Jose Mercury News, 10 April 2007.

88 Brian Hindo, “Everything Old is New Again”, BusinessWeek Online, 25 September 2006.

89 Посланное 16 октября 2007 г. по электронной почте письмо Junko Edahiro, Japan for Sustainability, Джанет Ларсен, Earth Policy Institute; Tim Burt, “VW is set for $500m Recycling Provision”, Financial Times , 12 February 2001; Mark Magnier, ”Disassembly Lines Hum in Japan’s New Industry”, Los Angeles Times, 13 May 2001.

90 “FT-report-Waste and the Environment: EU Tackles Gadget Mountain”, Financial Times, 18 April 2007; Jeremy Faludi, ”Pop Goes the Cell Phone”, Worldchanging, 4 April 2006.

91 Rick Rigeway, Environmental Initiatives and Special Media Projects, Patagonia Inc., в беседе с автором 22 августа 2006 г.; Patagonia, “Patagonia Announces Major Expansion of Garment Recycling Program”, press release (Ventura, CA: 28 января 2008); электронное письмо, отправленное Йеном Раппом, Patagonia, Джигнаша Рана, Earth Policy Institute, 28 апреля 2009.

92 Hindo, op. cit. note 88.

93 Daniel Michaels, “Boeing and Airbus Compete to Destroy What They Built”, Wall Street Journal , 1 June 2007.

94 Там же.

95 “Gold Statistics” – в сборнике: T.D. Kelly и G.R. Matos, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 140 (Reston, VA: USGS, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2008); World Steel Association, op. cit. note 77; данные по золотой руде рассчитаны на основании данных, приведенных в работе: New Jersey Mining Company Reserves and Resources, “Estimated Ore Reserves”, на www.newjerseymining.com, данные обновлены 31 декабря 2006 г.; данные по производству стали взяты из работы: Mandil et al. op. cit. note 76, р. 115; выбросы двуокиси углерода рассчитаны на основе данных, приведенных в работе: Gavin M. Mudd, “Resource Consumption Intensity and the Sustainability of Gold Mining”, 2nd International Conference on Sustainability Engineering and Science, Auckland, New Zealand, 20 – 23 February 2007; EPA, Emission Facts: Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (Washington, DC: April 2000).

96 Catherine Ferrier, Bottled Water: Understanding a Social Phenomenon (Surrey, U.K.: WWF, 2001).

97 Потребление нефти рассчитано на основе данных о количестве пластиковых бутылок для воды из Jennifer Gitlitz et al, Water, Water Everywhere: The Growth of Non-carbonated Beverages in the United States (Washington, DC: Container Recycling Institute: февраль 2007); I. Boustead, Eco-profiles of the European Plastics Industry: PET Bottles (Brussels: PlasticEurope, Association of Plastic Manufacturers, March 2005), pp. 4 – 9: DOE, Energy Information Administration, “Oil Market Basics: Demand”, – см.: www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/ analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/demand_text.htm, просмотрено автором 23 января 2006 г.; Ward’s Automotive Group, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data 2006 (Southfield, MI: 2006), р. 242; Pacific Institute, “Bottled Water and Energy”, fact sheet (Oakland, CA: 2007).

98 “S.F. Mayor Bans Bottled Water at City Offices”, Associated Press , 25 June 2007; национальная телефонная пресс-конференция Ross C. Anderson, Salt Lake City Mayor, Think Outside the Bottle Campaign, 9 October 2007.

99 Janet Larsen, “Bottled Water Boycotts: Back-on-the-Tap Movement Gains Momentum”, Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 7 December 2007); John G. Rodwan, Jr., Confronting Challenges: U.S. and International Bottled Water Developments and Statistics for 2008 (New York: Beverage Marketing Corporation, April/May 2009).

100 John Roach, “Plastic-Bag Bans Gaining Momentum around the World”, National Geographic News, 4 April 2008.

101 Michael Goggin, “Curtailment, Negative Prices Symptomatic of Inadequate Transmission”, Wind Energy Weekly, issue 27, No. 1305 (5 September 2008).

102 Joint Coordinated System Plan, Joint Coordinated System Plan ’08 Report Volume 1: Economic Assessment, на www.jcspstudy.org, 2008.

103 S. Massoud Amin и Clark W. Gellings, “The North American Power Delivery System: Balancing Market Restructuring and Environmental Economics with Infrastructure Security”, Energy, vol. 31, issues 6 – 7 (May/June 2006), pp. 967 – 99; Bracken Hendricks, Wired for Progress 2.0: Building a National Clean-Energy Smart Grid (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, April 2009), р. 31.

104 Helen Knight, “Renewable Energy: Will the Lights Stay On?” New Scientist, 11 October 2008, pp. 30 – 31; Repower America, “Unified National Smart Grid”, – см.: www.repoweramerica.org, просмотрено автором 30 июня 2009 г.

105 Ashlea Ebeling, “What Would You Pay to Stay Cool?” Forbes, 15 August 2007.

106 Knight, op. cit. note 104.

107 Там же.

108 Rebecca Smith, “Consumers: A Little Knowledge…”, Wall Street Journal, 30 June 2008; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid-Atlantic Information Office, Avarage Energy Prices in the Washington-Baltimore Area: April 2009 (Philadelphia, PA: 1 June 2009); Ahmad Faruqui и Sanem Sergici, BGE’s Smart Energy Pricing Pilot Summer 2008 Impact Evaluation (Cambridge, MA: The Brattle Group, 28 april 2009), pp. 1 – 2; Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, “Re: Supplement 437 to P.S.C. Md E-6 – Rider 26 – Peak Time Rebate”, electronic fillings to Public Service Commission of Maryland, 15 April and 22 June 2009.

109 The Edison Foundation, “Utility-Scale Smart Meter Deployments, Plans & Proposals (IOUs)”, issue brief (Washington, DC: May 2009).

110 Выпуск новостей Smart Meters, “Finland Leads Europe in Smart Grid Development”, (Isle of Benbecula, Scotland: 16 January 2009).

111 Erik Olsen, “Smart Meters Open Market for Smart Apps”, Green, Inc., – см.: Nytimes.com , 7 October 2008.

112 IEA, op. cit. note 17, p. 506.

113 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2006 (Paris: 2006), р. 492; IEA, op. cit. note 11, pp. 25, 29.

114 Natalie Mims, Mathias Bell и Stephen Doig, Assessing the Electric Productivity Gap and the U.S. Efficiency Opportunity (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, January 2009), pp. 6, 16 – 17.

115 Mandil et al., op. cit. note 76, pp. 39, 59 – 61, 95 – 96, 139 – 142.

К ГЛАВЕ 5

1 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), Crude Oil Production , – электронная база данных – см.: tonto. eia.doe.gov, материал обновлен 28 июля 2008; American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), “Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity Surged 45% in 2007: American Wind Power Association Market Report”, press release (Washington, DC: 17 January 2008); AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Projects , – электронная база данных – см.: www.awea.org/projects, материал обновлен 31 марта 2009; будущие мощности вычислены на основе Emerging Energy Research (EER), “US Wind Markets Surge to New Heights”, press release (Cambridge, MA: 14 August 2008); эквивалентность угольных электростанций рассчитана при условии, что среднестатистическая электростанция дает 500 мегаватт и действует 72 процента времени, вырабатывая таким образом 3.15 миллиардов киловатт/часов электричества в год; потребности жилого сектора рассчитаны на основании данных “Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates 2005”, в DOE, EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005 Status Report (Washington, DC: 2007), с данными по мощностям из DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Power Technologies Energy Data Book (Golden, CO: August 2006); данные о населении из U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts , – электронная база данных – см.: quickfacts.census.gov, материал обновлен 20 февраля 2009.