Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

84 Ralph P. Overend and Anelia Milbrandt, “Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Biomass by 2030” – в книге: Kutscher, op. cit. note 51, pp. 112–130; DOE, op. cit. note 51, p. 24.

85 Swedish Energy Agency, Energy in Sweden 2008 (Eskilstuna, Sweden: December 2008), pp. 96, 111.

86 Данные о населении взяты из публикации: Census Bureau, op. cit. note 1; Anders Rydaker, “Biomass for Electricity & Heat Production”, presentation at Bionergy North America 2007, Chicago, IL., 16 April 2007.

87 Oglethorpe Power Corporation, “Oglethorpe Power Announces Plans to Build Biomass Electric Generating Facilities”, press release (Tucker, GA: 18 September 2008).

88 World Alliance for Decentralized Energy, Bagasse Cogeneration – Global Review and Potential (Washington, DC: June 2004), p. 32; данные о производстве сахара взяты из публикации: U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Production, Supply and Distribution , электронная база данных – см.: www.fas.usda.gov/psfonline, обновлено 9 апреля 2009 г.

89 Waste to Energy Conference, “Power and Heat for Millions of Europeans”, press release (Bremen, Germany: 20 April 2007); Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants, “2008 Country Reports on Waste Management” – см.: www.cewep.eu, просмотрено 23 июля 2009 г.; Jeffrey Morris, “Comparative LCAs for Curbside Recycling Versus Either Landfilling or Incineration with Energy Recovery”, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment , vol. 10, No. 4 (July 2005), pp. 273–284.

90 Puget Sound Energy, “King County, PSE, and BIO Energy-Washington Teaming Up to Generate Green Energy from Landfill Gas”, press release (Seattle, WA: 6 April 2009).

91 Ray C. Anderson, presentation at Chicago Climate Exchange, Chicago, IL., 14 June 2006.

92 F. O. Licht, “World Fuel Ethanol Production”, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report , vol. 7, No. 18 (26 May 2009), p. 365; F. O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country”, World Ethanol and Biofuels Repor t, vol. 7, No. 14 (26 March 2009), p. 288.

93 F. O. Licht, “World Fuel Ethanol Production”, op. cit. note 92, p. 365; Bill Guerin, “European Blowback for Asian Biofuels”, Asia Times , 8 February 2007.

94 Timothy Searchinger et al., Use of U. S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-Use Change”, Science , vol. 319 (29 February 2008), pp. 1238–1240.

95 Joseph Fargione et al., “Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt”, Science , vol. 319 (29 February 2008), pp. 1235–1238.

96 “Biofools”, The Economist , 11 April 2009; P. J. Crutzen et al., “N2O Release from Agro-biofuel Prduction Negates Global Warming Reduction by Replacing Fossil Fuels”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol. 8 (29 January 2008), pp. 389–395; реакция производителей биотоплива на эти открытия описана в работе: Lauren Etter, “Ethanol Craze Cools As Doubts Multiply”, Wall Street Journal , 28 November 2007; R. W. Howarth and Stefan Bringezu, eds., Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use , Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of Enivironment (SCOPE) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment, 22–25 September 2008 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2009), pp. 1–13.

97 DOE, EERE, “Starch– and Sugar-Based Ethanol Feedstocks” – см.: www. afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/feedstock_starch_sugar.html, обновлено 4 февраля 2009 г.; DOE and USDA, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply (Washington, DC: April 2005); Jason Hill et al., “Environmental, Economic, and Energetic Costs and Benefits of Biodiesel and Ethanol Biofuels”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol. 103, No. 30 (25 July 2006), pp. 11206–11210; M. R. Schmer et al., “Net Energy of Cellulosic Ethanol from Switchgrass”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol. 105, No. 2 (15 January 2008), pp. 464–469; Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Communication, “Fast-Growing Trees Could Take Root as Future Energy Source”, press release (West Lafayette, IN: 23 August 2006).

98 J. E. Campbell, D. B. Lobell, and C. B. Field, “Greater Transportation Energy and GHC Ofsetts from Bioelectricity than Ethanol”, Science, vol. 324 (22 May 2009), pp. 1055–10157; DOE and USDA, op. cit. note 97, pp. i–ii.

99 Nic Lane, Issues Affecting Tidal, Wave, and In-Stream Generation Projects (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 26 November 2008).

100 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2008 (Paris: 2008), p. 165; IEA, Member Countries and Countries Beyond the OECD , электронная база данных – см.: www.iea.org/Textbase/country/index.asp, просмотрено 23 апреля 2009 г.; International Rivers Network, “Frequently Asked Question about Dams”, fact sheet (Berkley, CA: 2004).

101 “Rural Areas Get Increased Hydro Power Capacity”, Xinhua , 7 May 2007.

102 Jason Palmer, “Renewable Energy: The Tide is Turning”, New Scientist , 11 October 2008; European Commission, “Tidal Energy – Promising Sites Worldwide”, ATLAS project Web site – см.: ac.europa.eu/energy/atlas/ html/tidalsites.html, просмотрено автором 24 июня 2009 г.; ABS Energy Research, The Ocean Energy Report (London: 2009) , pp. 13–23.

103 Choe Sang-Hun, “South Korea Seeks Cleaner Energy Sources”, International Herald Tribune , 9 May 2007; Choe Sang-Hun, “As Tides Ebb and Rise, South Korea Prepares to Snare Them”, International Herald Tribune , 31 May 2007; ABS Energy Research, op. cit. note 102, pp. 13– 23; Lunar Energy, “British Firm Announces World’s Largest Tidal Power Development”, press release (East Yorkshire, U.K.: 11 March 2008); IEA, Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy System (IEA-OES), 2008 Annual Report (Lisbon, Portugal: February 2009), p. 83.

104 Palmer, op. cit. note 102; Choe, “As Tides Ebb and Rise”, op. cit. note 103; ABS Energy Research, op. cit. note 102, pp. 13–23; “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts), January 1, 2006” – в публикации: DOE, op. cit. note 3.

105 “Issued Hydrokinetic Preliminary Permits”, table in Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Hydropower-Industry Activities” – см.: www. ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/indus-act/hydrokinetics.asp, обновлено 2 июля 2009 г.; Mike Hoover, Oceana Energy Company, письмо, отправленное по электронной почте Дж. Мэттью Роуни 30 июня 2009 г.

106 Robert Silgardo et al., Finavera Renewables Inc.: Where There is Wind There is a Wave (Toronto, ON: Dundee Securities Corporation, 18 June 2007); “Issued Hydrokinetic Projects Preliminary Permits”, op. cit. note 105; сведения о Сан-Франциско взяты из статьи: Tom Zeller, Jr., “Wave Power for San Francisco?” Green Inc., – см.: Nytimes.com , 27 February 2009.

107 Pelamis Wave Power, “Aguçadouira” – см.: www.pelamiswave.com, просмотрено 23 апреля 2009 г.; Mario de Queiroz, “Portugal: Waves of Energy Come Ashore”, Inter Press Service , 24 September 2008; “Wave Hub Names Fourth Developer for Wave Energy Farm”, Renewable Energy Access , 15 May 2007; European Commission, Report on the Workshop on Hydropower and Ocean Energy – Part I: Ocean Energy (Brussels: 13 June 2007), pp. 1, 3; IEA, op. cit. note 7; “Aquamarine to Develop 1 GW of Ocean Energy”, Renewable Energy World , 24 February 2009; данные о потенциале волн взяты из публикации: World Energy Council, 2007 Survey of Energy Resources (London: 2007), p. 544; “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts), January 1, 2006 – в публикации: DOE, op. cit. note 3.

108 REN21, Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update (Paris and Washington, DC: REN21 Secretariat and Worldwatch Institute, 2009), p. 23; Lila Buckley, “Hydropower in China: Participation and Energy Diversity Are Key”, China Watch (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute and Global Environmental Institute, 24 April 2007); “Rural Areas Get Increased Hydro Power Capacity”, op. cit, note 101; Pallavi Aiyar, “China: Another Dammed Gorge”, Asia Times , 3 June 2006; Gary Duffy, “Brazil Gives Amazon Dams Go-Ahead”, BBC News , 10 July 2007; Patrick McCully, Before the Deluge: Coping with Floods in a Changing Climate (Berklley, CA: International Rivers Network, 2007), pp. 22–23.

109 DOE, EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2 009 (Washington, DC: March 2009), p. 74; National Hydropower Association, “NHA Applauds President Obama and Congress for Turning to Hydro in the Stimulus”, press release (Washington, DC: 19 February 2009).

110 Таблица 5–1 разработана Earth Policy Institute, цели, которые должны быть достигнуты к 2020 г. и которые упоминаются на протяжении этой главы, и показатели на 2008 г. рассчитаны на основании данных, приведенных в следующих источниках: данные о ветре из: GWEC, op. cit. note 10, p. 10; данные о монтируемых на крышах системах производства электричества за счет солнечных лучей и электростанциях, работающих на том же источнике энергии, взяты из публикаций EPIA, op. cit. note 10, p. 3 и Rutschmann, op. cit. note 64; данные о производстве электричества из биомассы и с помощью тепла и гидроэнергии, в том числе энергии приливов и волн, взяты из: REN21, op. cit. note 108, p. 23; данные о монтируемых на крышах работающих на солнечной энергии нагревателях воды и обогревателях помещений взяты из работы: Weiss, Bergmann, and Stelzer, op. cit. note 53, p. 21; данные о геотермальной энергии и ее использовании взяты из: Tester et al., op. cit. note 68, p. 9.

111 “Wind Can Power Up Entire Nation”, China Daily , 18 June 2009; Rujun Shen and Tom Miles, “China’s Wind-power Boom to Outpace Nuclear by 2020”, China Daily , 20 April 2009.

112 Table 5–2 by Earth Policy Institute with existing fossil fuel and nuclear capacity from “Existing Capacity by Energy Source, 2007,” and “Planned Nameplate Capacity Additions from New Generators, by Energy Source, 2008 through 2012,” in DOE, op. cit. note 51, p. 25, and from Shuster, op. cit. note 31; renewables based on data and growth rates from AWEA, EPIA, GEA, DOE, Navigant Consulting, NREL, USDA, and Electric Power Research Institute.

113 “Texas to Spend Billions on Wind Power Transmission Lines”, Environment News Service , 18 July 2008; Eileen O’Grady, “Texas Finalizes Plan to Expand Wind Lines”, Reuters , 29 January 2009; снабжение жителей электричеством рассчитано так, как это описано в примечании 2.

114 TransCanada, op. cit. note 2.

115 Scott DiSavino, “ITC Proposes Рroject to Move Wind Power to Chicago”, Reuters , 9 February 2009; ITC Holdings Corp., op. cit. note 2; DOE, “Locke, Chu Announce Significant Steps in Smart Grid Development”, press release (Washington, DC: 18 May 2009).

116 Cristina L. Archer and Mark Z. Jacobsоn, “Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms”, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , vol. 46 (November 2007), pp. 1701–1717.

117 Janice Massy, “Grand Vision on Paper: Blueprint for a European Supergrid”, Windopower Monthly , December 2008, p. 37; Alok Jha, “Solar Power from Saharan Sun Could Provide Europe’s Electricity, Says EU’, Guardian (London), 23 July 2008; David Strahan, “From AC to DC: Going Green with Supergrids”, New Scietist , 14–20 March 2009; Paul Rodgers, “Wind-fuelled ‘Supergrid’ Offers Clean Power to Europe”, Independent (London), 25 November 2007.

118 Strahan, op. cit. note 117; Emmet Curley, Mainstream Renewable Power, дискуссия с Дж. Мэттью Роуни. Earth Policy Institute, 2 июля 2009 г.; The ABB Group, “The NorNed HVDC Link” – см.: abb.com, обновлено 28 мая 2009 г.

119 DESERTEC Foundation, “12 Companies Plan Establishment of a Desertec Industrial Initative”, press release (Munich: 13 July 2009); данные о мощности потенциальных генерирующих мощностей – оценка автора, основанная на заявленной Инициативой цели удовлетворить потребности стран-производителей и 15% потребностей Европы в электричестве к 2050 г.; цель сформулирована в публикации IEA, op. cit. note 100, pp. 506–507; коэффициент использования мощностей взят из публикации: DOE, NREL, op. cit. note 1.

120 Письмо, посланное электронной почтой бывшим старшим экономистом Совета по качеству окружающей среды при Белом доме Эдвином Кларком автору 25 июля 2001 г. Joseph E. Aldy and Robert N. Stavins, Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements, “Economic Incentives in a New Climate Agreement” – материал подготовлен для конференции «Диалог по проблемам климата», состоявшейся в Копенгагене, Дания, 7–8 мая 2008 г.

121 Kate Galbraith, “Europe’s Way of Encouraging Solar Power Arrives in the U. S.”, New York Times , 12 March 2009; Karlynn Cory, Toby Couture, and Claire Kreycik , Feed-in Tariff Policy: Design, Implementation, and RPS Policy Interactions (Golden, CO: NREL, March 2009), p. 1; REN21, op. cit. note 50, p. 23; электронные базы данных State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, “Rules, Regulations & Policies for Renewable Energy” (материал обновлен в апреле 2009 г.) и “Federal Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (материал обновлен 19 февраля 2009 г.) – см.: www.dsireusa.org.