Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

27 Jeffrey D. Sachs and the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development (Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 2001); “UNICEF Lists Top Causes of Child Deaths”, Reuters, 13 September 2007; Ruth Levine and the What Works Working Group, Millions Saved: Proven Successes in Global Health (Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 2004).

28 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “Global Health Program Fact Sheet” (Seattle, WA: 2009).

29 John Donnelly, “U.S. Seeks Cuts in Health Programs Abroad”, Boston Globe, 5 February 2003.

30 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2008 (Geneva: August 2008), pp. 15–16, 30.

31 Nita Bhalla, “Teaching Truck Drivers About AIDS”, BBC , 25 June 2001; C. B. S. Venkataramana and P. V. Sarada, “Extent and Speed of Spread of HIV Infection in India Through the Commercial Sex Networks: A Perspective”, Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol. 6, no. 12 (December 2001), pp. 1040–1061, cited in “HIV Spread Via Female Sex Workers in India Set to Increase Significantly by 2005”, Reuters Health, 26 December 2001 года.

32 Mark Covey, “Target Soldiers in Fight Against AIDS Says New Report”, press release (London: Panos Institute, 8 July 2002); “Free Condoms for Soldiers”, South Africa Press Association, 5 August 2001; HIV, коэффициент распространения заболевания по данным UNAIDS, op. cit. note 30, p. 215.

33 Потребность в презервативах по информации Population Action International, “Why Condoms Count in the Era of HIV/AIDS”, fact sheet (Washington, DC: 2008); цена одного презерватива и распространения презервативов по данным United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Donor Support for Contraceptives and Condoms for STI/HlV Prevention 2007 (New York: 2008).

34 Nada Chaya and Kai-Ahset Amen, with Michael Fox, Condoms Count: Meeting the Need in the Era of HIV/AIDS (Washington, DC: Population Action International, 2002); цена одного презерватива по данным UNFPA, op. cit. note 33.

35 UNAIDS, “Global Facts and Figures”, fact sheet (Geneva: August 2008); UNAIDS, op. cit. note 30, p. 135.

36 “AIDS Summit: The Economics of Letting People Die”, Star Tribune, 16 July 2003.

37 Sachs and Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, op. cit. note 27; WHO, “Smallpox”, fact sheet – см.: www.who.int, просмотрен 10 октября 2005 г.

38 WHO, “Polio Eradication: Now More Than Ever, Stop Polio Forever”, – см.: www.who.int/features/2004/polio/en, просмотрено автором 11 июня 2009 г.; Petina Dixon, Rotary International, дискуссия с Jignasha Rana, Earth Policy Institute, 6 июля 2009 г.; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “Financial Innovation Will Buy Vaccine to Help Eradicate Polio Worldwide”, пресс-релиз (Seattle, WA: 29 April 2003).

39 “Wild Poliovirus 2000–2009”, in WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative, “Wild Poliovirus Weekly Update”, – см.: www.polioeradication.org, последнее обновление 3 июня 2009 года; Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “Mecca Pilgrims May Be Spreading Polio, Experts Say”, New York Times, 11 February 2005; Nigeria from WHO, Global Polio Eradication Initiative: Annual Report 2006 (Geneva: 2007), p. 6.

40 “Wild Poliovirus 2000–2009”, op. cit. note 39; “Pakistan Polio Drive is Suspended”, BBC News, 8 августа 2007 года; Isambard Wilkinson, “Taliban Blocks UN Polio Treatment in Pakistan”, Tele graph (London), 27 March 2009.

41 Declan Butler, “$630-Million for Push to Eradicate Polio”, Nature News, 21 January 2009; Barack H. Obama, “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning”, речь в Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, 4 June 2009.

42 Michele Barry, “The Tail of Guinea Worm – Global Eradication Without a Drug or Vaccine”, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 356, no. 25 (21 June 2007), pp. 2561–2564.

43 “Grants Push Guinea Worm to All-Time Low”, news release (Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center, 20 January 2009); The Carter Center, “Distribution by Country of 4,647 Cases of Indigenous Cases of Dracunculiasis Reported During 2008”, – см.: www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/ index.html, просмотрено автором 13 мая 2009 г.

44 Смерть от употребления табака по информации Всемирной организации здравоохранения: WHO, “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)”, fact sheet (Geneva: November 2006); “The Tobacco Epidemic: A Crisis of Startling Dimensions”, in Message from the Director-General of the World Health Organization for World No-Tobacco Day 1998 , – см.: www.who.int; загрязнение воздуха по данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения: WHO, “Air Pollution”, информационный листок 187 (Geneva: rev. September 2000).

45 Alison Langley, “Anti-Smoking Treaty Is Adopted by 192 Nations”, New York Times, 22 May 2003; информацию об Инициативе избавления от табака, начатой Всемирной организацией здравоохранения, см.: www.who.int/tobacco/index.cfm; данные о целях заключения договора и роли Блумберга взяты из статьи: Alexi A. Wright and Ingrid T. Katz, “Tobacco Tightrope – Balancing Disease Prevention and Economic Development in China”, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 356, no. 15 (12 April 2007), pp. 1493–1496.

46 Потребление сигарет по информации USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, op. cit. note 9, и из Tom Capehart, Tobacco Outlook (Washington, DC: USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS), 24 April 2007); оценки на душу населения сделаны с учетом численности населения по информации U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2; Daniel Yee, “Smoking Declines in U.S. – Barely”, CBS News, 10 November 2004.

47 Betsy McKay, “Cigarette Tax Clouds Boosts Among States”, Wall Street Journal, 8 February 2009.

48 Потребление сигарет по информации USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, op. cit. note 9, и из Capehart, op. cit. note 46; оценки на душу населения сделаны с учетом численности населения по информации U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2.

49 “Smoking Bans Around the World”, Reuters, 10 January 2005; “New Zealand Stubs Out Smoking in Bars, Restaurants”, Reuters, 13 December 2004.

50 “Bangladesh Bans Smoking in Many Public Places”, Reuters, 15 March 2005; Информация по Италии взята из: “Europeans Back Public Smoking Ban”, BBC News, 31 May 2006; “England Smoking Ban Takes Effect”, BBC News, 1 May 2007 года; информация по Франции из: Howard K. Koh et al., “Making Smoking History Worldwide”, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 356, no. 15 (12 April 2007), pp. 1496– 1498; “French Cafes Set to Ban Smoking”, BBC News, 28 December 2007; “Bulgaria Votes for Smoking Ban in Public Places”, Reuters, 15 May 2009; Ivana Sekularac, “Smoking Ban Angers Cafes, Smokers in Croatia”, Reuters, 6 May 2009.

51 “Connections between Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease Explored”, Science Daily , 11 May 2009.

52 “Cancer Most Lethal Illness in China Last Year”, China Daily , 8 May 2007; Barbara Demick, “China Blames Pollution for Surge in Birth Defects”, Los Angeles Times , 2 February 2009.

53 Sachs and Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, op. cit. note 27.

54 Информация о странах с населением более 1 миллиона человек и естественным приростом населения 0,4% или менее взята из U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, Extended Dataset, CD-ROM (New York: 9 April 2009).

55 Данные о населении Лесото и Свазиленда взяты из: Population Reference Bureau (PRB), Datafinder, электронная база данных – см.: www.prb.org.

56 U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 54.

57 Там же.

58 Там же.

59 Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) and UNFPA, Meeting the Need: Strengthening Family Planning Programs (Seattle, WA: 2006), pp. 5–11; цитата взята из All Party Parliamentary Group, op. cit. note 11, p. 22.

60 Janet Larsen, “Iran’s Birth Rate Plummeting at Record Pace”, in Lester R. Brown, Janet Larsen, and Bernie Fischlowitz-Roberts, The Earth Policy Reader (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002), pp. 190–194.

61 Там же.; см. также Ноmа Hoodfar and Samad Assadpour, “The Politics of Population Policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, Studies in Family Planning, March 2000, pp. 19–34, and Farzaneh Roudi, “Iran’s Family Planning Program: Responding to a Nation’s Needs”, MENA Policy Brief, June 2002; Информация по темпам прироста населения Ирана взята из публикации United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (New York: 2005).

62 Larsen, op. cit. note 60.

63 Там же.

64 Там же. Информация по темпам прироста населения взята из публикации: PRB, 2005 World Population Data Sheet, wall chart (Washington, DC: August 2005); U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2.

65 Pamela Polston, “Lowering the Boom: Population Activist Bill Ryerson is Saving the World – One ‘Soap’ at a Time”, Seven Days, 21 August 2005.

66 Там же.

67 Там же.

68 Там же.

69 Дополнительные расходы из J. Joseph Speidel et al., Family Planning and Reproductive Health: The Link to Environmental Preservation (San Francisco: Bixby Center for Reproductive Health and Research Policy, University of California, 2007), p. 10, и из J. Joseph Speidel; дискуссия с Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 16 октября 2007 года.

70 PATH and UNFPA, op. cit. note 59, p. 18.

71 “Bangladesh: National Family Planning Program”, Family “Planning Programs: Diverse Solutions for a Global Challenge (Washington, DC: PRB, 1994); Speidel et al., op. cit. note 69, p. 10.

72 UNFPA, The State of World Population 2004 (New York: 2004), pp. 14–15.

73 United Nations, op. cit. note 61; UNFPA, op. cit. note 72, p. 39.

74 Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, July/Augustissues, 2005–2009; U.S. Department of State, “Background Note: Liberia”, – см.: www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6618.htm, последнее обновление в июне 2009 года; Maria Cristina Caballero, “’Ma Ellen,’ African Symbol of Hope, Returns to Harvard”, Harvard University Gazette, 16 September 2006; “UN’s Ban to Visit Liberia as Blue Helmets Prepare Pullout”, Agence France-Presse, 20 April 2008.

75 Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, op. cit. note 74; Fund for Peace, “Country Profile: Colombia”, – cм.: www.fundforpeace.org, просмотрено автором 8 июля 2009 г.

76 Commission on Weak States and U.S. National Security, Оn the Brink: Weak States and U.S. National Security (Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 2004), p. 27.

77 The U.S. Commission on National Security in the 21st Century, Road Map for National Security: Imperative for Change (Washington, DC: February 2001), p. 53.

78 Commission on Weak States and U.S. National Security, op. cit. note 76, pp. 30–32.

79 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries 2008: At a Glance (Paris: 2008), p. 9; OECD, “Development Aid at its Highest Level Ever in 2008”, пресс-релиз (Paris: 30 March 2009); “The Hypocrisy of Farm Subsidies”, New Yo r k Times, 1 December 2002.

80 “The Hypocrisy of Farm Subsidies”, op. cit. note 79.

81 OECD, “Development Aid”, op. cit. note 79; OECD, OECD Statistics, электронная база данных – см.: stats.oecd.org/wbos, последнее обновление в 2009 году; “South Africa: Weaning States Off Subsidies”, Africa News, 19 August 2005.

82 Julian Alston et al., Impacts of Reductions in US Cotton Subsidies on West African Cotton Producers (Boston: Oxfam America, 2007); OECD, op. cit. note 81; Elizabeth Becker, “U.S. Will Cut Farm Subsidies in Trade Deal”, New York Times, 31 July 2004; Randy Schnepf, U.S. Agricultural Policy Response to WTO Cotton Decision (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, последнее обновление 8 сентября 2006 года).

83 Schnepf, op. cit. note 82; Randy Schnepf, Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Ñîtton Program: A Brief Overview (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 17 March 2009).

84 World Bank, Global Economic Prospects, op. cit. note 6, pp. 11–12.

85 “Ending the Cycle of Debt”, New York Times, 1 October 2004; данные по обслуживанию долгов взяты из публикации: World Bank, Little Data Book on External Debt in Global Development Finance 2007 (Washington, DC: 2007), p. 8; затраты на здравоохранение рассчитаны по данным IMF, World Economic and Financial Surveys: Regional Economic Outlook – Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: September 2006), pp. 36, 43, из David Goldsbrough, “IMF Programs and Health Spending”, представленной на Global Conference on Gearing Macroeconomic Policies to Reverse the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, Brasilia, 20 ноября 2006 года, и из U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database – см.: esa.un.org/unpp, последнее обновление 2007.