Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

К ГЛАВЕ 6

1 UN. Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database, электронная база данных – см.: esa.un.org/ unup, последнее обновление в 2008 г.

2 Данные о городском населении в 1900 г. взяты из статьи: Mario Polase, “Urbanization and Development”, Development Express, no. 4, 1997; U.N. Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision (New York: February 2008).

3 Molly O’Meara, Reinventing Cities for People and the Planet, Worldwatch Paper 147 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, June 1999), pp. 14–15; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2, pp. 8–10; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database, электронная база данных – см.: esa.un.org/unpp, последнее обновление 11 March 2009.

4 Christopher Flavin, “Hearing on Asia’s Environmental Challenges: Testimony of Christopher Flavin”, Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC, 22 September 2004; Subir Bhaumik, “Air Pollution Suffocates Calcutta”, BBC News, 3 May 2007; David Schrank and Tim Lomax, 2007 Urban Mobility Report (College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute, September 2007), p. 1.

5 Francesca Lyman, “Twelve Gates to the City: A Dozen Ways to Build Strong, Livable, and Sustainable Cities”, Words and Pictures Magazine, Issue 5, 2007; Lisa Jones, “A Tale of Two Mayors: The Improbable Story of How Bogota, Colombia, Became Somewhere You Might Actually Want To Live”, Grist Magazine, 4 April 2002.

6 Claudia Nanninga, “Energy Efficient Transport – A Solution for China”, Voices of Grassroots, November 2004; Enrique Peñalosa, “Parks for Livable Cities: Lessons from a Radical Mayor”, программная речь в the Urban Parks Institute’s Great Parks/Great Cities Conference, Chicago, 30 July 2001; Susan Ives, “The Politics of Happiness”, Trust for Public Land, 9 August 2002; Jones, op. cit. note 5.

7 Peñalosa, op. cit. note 6.

8 Lara de Lacerda Santos Rodrigues, Curitiba City Government, to J. Matthew Roney, Earth Policy Institute, 24 July 2009.

9 O’Meara, op. cit. note 3.

10 Данные по Лос-Анджелесу взяты из книги: Sandra Postel, Last Oasis, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), p. 20; Joel Simon, Endangered Mexico (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1997); Chinese Ministry of Water Resources, Country Report of the People’s Republic of China (Marseilles, France: World Water Council, 2003), pp. 60–61.

11 U.S. Depar tment of Agriculture, Foreign Ag r icultural Ser vice, Grain: World Markets and Trade and Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade (Washington, DC: various issues).

12 Richard Register, “Losing the World, One Environmental Victory at a Time – And a Way to Solve That Problem”, эссе (Oakland, CA: Ecocity Builders, Inc., 31 August 2005); Richard Register, Ecocities: Rebuilding Cities in Balance with Nature: Revised Edition (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2006).

13 Register, “Losing the World, One Environmental Victory at a Time”, op., cit. note 12; оценка численности населения сделана на основании данных, приведенных в публикации: U.S. Census Bureau, State & County Quickfacts, электронная база данных – см.: quickfacts.census. gov, последнее обновление 5 мая 2009 года.

14 Register, “Losing the World, One Environmental Victory at a Time”, op. cit. note 12.

15 Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG), “Means of Transport & Routes”, – см.: www.bvg.de, просмотрено 11 мая 2009 г.

16 Jay Walljasper, “Unjamming the Future”, Ode, October 2005, pp. 36–41; Breakthrough Technologies Institute, Transport Innovator newsletter (various issues); Victoria Transport Policy Institute, “Bus Rapid Transit”, Online TDM Encyclopedia, updated 22 July 2008; Institute for Transportation & Development Policy (ITDP), “China Bus Rapid Transit”, – см.: www.chinaBRT.org, последнее обновление 1 мая 2009 года.

17 Bernardo Baranda, “Insurgentes Sur BRT Line Opens in Mexico City”, ITDP, – см.: www.itdp.org, 24 June 2008; Bernardo Baranda, “Mexico City Opens Second BRT Corridor”, ITDP, – см.: www.itdp.org, 21 December 2008; Karl Fjellstrom, “Guangzhou BRT Construction Begins”, ITDP – см.: www.itdp.org, 17 December 2008; электронное письмо Карла Фьельстрема, ITDP, посланное Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 25 мая 2009 г.

18 Tehran Public & International Relations Department, “Tehran Mayor Inaugurates 1st BRT Line”, – см.: www.tehran.ir, просмотрено автором 17 мая 2009 г.; Victoria Transport Policy Institute, op. cit. note 16; Breakthrough Technologies Institute, op. cit. note 16.

19 Molly O’Meara Sheehan, “Making Better Transportation Choices”, – в книге: Lester R. Brown et al., State of the World 2001 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001), p. 116.

20 William D. Eggers, Peter Samuel, and Rune Munk, Combating Gridlock: How Pricing Road Use Can Ease Congestion (New York: Deloitte, November 2003); Tom Miles, “London Drivers to Pay UK’s First Congestion Tax”, Reuters, 28 February 2002; Randy Kennedy, “The Day the Traffic Disappeared”, New York Times Magazine, 20 April 2003, pp. 42–45; James Savage, “Congestion Charge Returns to Stockholm”, The Local, 1 August 2007; конвертация валюты выполнена по курсу, указанному на сайте: www.oanda.com/convert/classic.

21 Транспорт для Лондона, Central London Congestion Charging: Impacts Monitoring (London: various years).

22 “Milan to Impose ‘Pollution Charge’ on Cars”, Reuters, 23 July 2007; “Milan Introduces Traffic Charge”, BBC News, 2 January 2008; Malia Wollan, “San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic”, New York Times, 3 January 2009; “Thousands Demonstrate Against Kyiv Mayor’s Policies”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 12 February 2009; Paul Melia, “Drivers Facing Congestion Charge within Three Years”, Independent (Dublin), 27 January 2009; Mathew Dearnaley, “Road Tolls a Hot Potato Since the Harbour Bridge”, New Zealand Herald, 26 August 2008.

23 Serge Schmemann, “I Love Paris on a Bus, a Bike, a Train and in Anything but a Car”, New York Times, 26 July 2007; Katrin Bennhold, “A New French Revolution’s Creed: Let Them Ride Bikes”, New York Times, 16 July 2007.

24 Steven Erlanger, “A New Fashion Catches on in Paris: Cheap Bicycle. Rentals”, New York Times, 13 July 2008 г.; City of Paris, “Veˆlib: Subscriptions and Prices”, на веб-сайте www.en.velib.paris.fr, просмотрено автором 12 May 2009 г.; Alexandra Topping, “Free Wheeling: Paris’s New Bike System”, Washington Post, 23 September 2007; количество поездок на май 2009 года – от специалиста по связям с общественностью JCDecaux, дискуссия с J. Matthew Roney, 14 May 2009 года.

25 Schmemann, op. cit. note 23; La Feˆdeˆration de Paris du Parti Socialiste, ed., Ce Que Nous Avons Fait Ensemble (Paris: Office of Mayor Bertrand Delanoе, 2007), pp. 20–25; расширение программы от специалиста по связям с общественностью JCDecaux, op. cit. note 24; Alok Jha, “Boris Johnson Unveils Blueprint for London’s ‘Cycling Revolution’,” Guardian (London), 27 April 2009.

26 John Ritter, “Narrowed Roads Gain Acceptance in Colo., Elsewhere”, USA Today, 29 July 2007; John Ritter, “ ’Complete Streets’ Program Gives More Room for Pedestrians, Cyclists”, USA Today, 29 JuIy 2007.

27 National Complete Streets Coalition, “Complete the Streets: Who We Are”, – см.: www.completestreets.org/whoweare.html, просмотрено 16 августа 2007 г.; AARP, “About AARP”, – см.: www.aarp.org/aarp/ About_AARP, просмотрено 12 мая 2009 г.; Ritter, “Narrowed Roads”, op. cit. note 26.

28 National Complete Streets Coalition, “Illinois Passes Complete Streets Law”, press release (Washington, DC: 16 October 2007); письмо Стефании Сескин, National Complete Streets Coalition, посланное по электронной почте Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 28 мая 2009 г.; Office of Congresswoman Doris Matsui, “Congresswoman Matsui and Senator Harkin Introduce Bill to Make Streets Safer and Encourage Healthier America”, press release (Washington, DC: 12 March 2009).

29 US. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study: Transportation Characteristics of School Children (Washington, DC: July 1972), p. 3; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention and Council on School Health, “Policy Statement: School Transportation Safety”, Pediatrics, vol. 120, no. 1 (July 2007), pp. 213–20; International Walk to School, “About the Walk”, – cм: www.iwalktoschool.org/about. htm, просмотрено 12 мая 2009 г.

30 Снижение количества поездок на автомобиле – оценка автора.

31 O’Meara, op. cit. note 3, p. 45.

32. J. Matthew Roney, “Bicycles Pedaling into the Spotlight”, Eco-Economy Indicator (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 12 May 2008); Ward’s Automotive Group, World Motor Vehicle Data 2008 (Southfield, MI: 2008), pp. 239–42; German Eslava, “1st in EU: Italian Government Spurs Bike Sales with Incentives”, Bike Europe, см.: www.bike-eu.com, 28 April 2009; Jack Oortwijn and Jan-Willem van Schaik, “European Bike Season Kicks Off with Record Highs”, Bike Europe, – см.: www.bike-eu.com, 12 May 2009; Jan-Willem van Schaik, “Giant Targets 10% Growth in 2009”, Bike Europe, – см.: www.bike-eu.com, 21 April 2009.

33 Расчеты Earth Policy Institute на основе данных, приведенных в публикации: U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 3, от 3,44 человек на домохозяйство в Китае in Bingham Kennedy, Jr., Dissecting China’s 2000 Census (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, June 2001), и данных, взятых из публикации: National Bureau of Statistics of China и приведенных в статье: Jme McLean, “Backpedal to the Future: China’s Strength is in Its Bicycles”, E Magazine – см.: www.emagazine.com/ view/?3729, просмотрено автором 15 января 2008 г.; данные с собственности на велосипеды взяты из публикации: Netherlands Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management and Fietsberaad, Cycling in the Netherlands (The Hague and Utrecht: 2009), p. 14.

34 Производство велосипедов в Китае по информации United Nations, Yearbook of Industrial Statistics (New York: various years) и из Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook (New York: various years); “World Players in the Bicycle Market 2000–2007”, in John Crenshaw, Bicycle Retailer and Industry News, письмо, посланное по электронной почте Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 9 мая 2008 г.; данные о количестве автомобилей в Китае взяты из публикации: Ward’s Automotive Group, op. cit. note 32.

35 Доля полицейских рассчитана по данным из Matthew Hickman and Brian A. Reaves, Local Police Departments, 2003 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2006), pp. 3, 13; доля арестов рассчитана по данным полиции Washington, DC, озвученным в разговоре с автором.

36 Katie Zezima, “With Free Bikes, Challenging Car Culture on Campus”, New York Times, 20 October 2008.

37 Там же.

38 Glenn Collins, “Old Form of Delivery Thrives in New World of E-Commerce”, New York Times, 24 December 1999.

39 O’Meara, op. cit. note 3, pp. 47–48; John Pucher and Ralph Buehler, “Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany”, Transport Reviews, vol. 28, issue 4 (July 2008), pp. 495–528.

40 Pucher and Buehler, op. cit. note 39.

41 Cornelia Dean, “Bicycle Evangelist with the Wind Now at His Back”, New York Times, 13 January 2009.

42 O’Meara, op. cit. note 3, pp. 47–48; Fietsberaad, “Amsterdam: for the First Time More Transfers by Bike than by Car”, – см.: www.fietsberaad. nl, 22 January 2009.

43 Walljasper, op. cit. note 16; Interface for Cycling Expertise (I-ce), “Bicycle Partnership Program”, – см.: www.bikepartners.nl, просмотрено 12 мая 2009 г.

44 O’Meara, op. cit. note 3, pp. 47–48; Япония – по собственным наблюдениям автора.

45 Jonathan Weinert, Chaktan Ma, and Chris Cherry, “Transition to Electric Bikes in China: History and Key Reasons for Rapid Growth”, Transportation, vol. 34, no. 3 (May 2007), pp. 301–318; Austin Ramzy, “On the Streets of China, Electric Bikes Are Swarming”, Time, 14 June 2009; “India 2007: LEVs to Grow to 70,000 Units”, Bike Europe, на вебсайте www.bike-eu.com, 15 May 2008; Vietnam News Agency, “Helmet Aversion, Petrol Boost Bicycle Sales”, Viet Nam News, 8 October 2007; Elliot Gluskin, Gluskin Townley Group, дискуссия с Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 16 июня 2009 г.; Jack Oortwijn, “E-Bikes Beat the Crisis”, Bike Europe, 8 April 2009.

46 Sunita Narain, “The Flush Toilet is Ecologically Mindless”, Down to Earth, 28 February 2002, pp. 28–32; мертвые зоны из Robert J. Diaz and Rutger Rosenberg, “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems”, Science, vol. 321 (15 August 2008), pp. 926–29; World Health Organization (WHO), World Health Report 2007 (Geneva: 2007), p. 4; U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2005 (Rome: 2005).