Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

86 “G8 Finance Ministers’ Conclusions on Development”, Pre Summit Statement by G-8 Finance Ministers, London, 10–11 June 2005; Oxfam International, “Gleneagles: What Really Happened at the G8 Summit?” Oxfam Briefing Note (London: 29 July 2005).

87 Oxfam International, “The View from the Summit Gleneagles G8 One Year On”, briefing note (Oxford, U.K.: June 2006).

88 World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2009, op. cit. note 1, p. 8; UN. World Food Programme, “Financial Crisis and High Food Prices”, fact sheet (Рим: материал обновлен 11 июня 2009 г.).

89 World Bank, “Financial Crisis Could Trap 53 Million More People in Poverty”, выпуск новостей (Washington, DC: 12 February 2009); World Bank, Global Economic Prospects, op. cit. note 6, pp. 11–12; Robert Zoellick, “Seizing Opportunity from Crisis: Making Multilateralism Work”, речь в Thomas Reuters Building, Canary Wharf, London, 31 March 2009.

90 Расчеты по затратам на осуществление социальных целей в таблице 7–1 основаны на следующих источниках: информация по всеобщему начальному образованию от U.K. Treasury, op. cit. note 17; кампания по искоренению неграмотности среди взрослых – по оценкам автора; программа предоставления школьных обедов по информации McGovern, op. cit. note 20; помощь детям дошкольного возраста и беременным женщинам – по оценкам автора на основе U.S.’s Women, Infants, and Children program, based on ibid.; репродуктивное здоровье и планирование семьи по информации Speidel et al., op. cit. note 69, and from Speidel, op. cit. note 69; всеобщее базовое здравоохранение по информации Sachs and Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, op. cit. note 27; решение проблемы нехватки презервативов – по оценкам UNFPA, op. cit. note 33, и из Population Action International, op. cit. note 33.

91 Sachs and Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, op. cit. note 27.

92 Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Group, 2005).

К ГЛАВЕ 8

1 Craig A. Cox, “Conservation Can Mean Life or Death”, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation , November/December 2004.

2 Там же.

3 U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), The state of the World’s Forests 2009 (Rome: 2009), pp. 109–115.

4 FAO, ForesSTAT – электронная база данных: faostat.fao.org, данные получены путем усреднения за пять лет, обновлены 12 января 2009 г.; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2007 Facts and Figures (Washington, DC: 2008), p. 102.

5 FAO, op. cit. note 3, p. 129; Daniel M. Kammen, “From Energy Efficiency to Social Utility: Lessons from Cookstove Design, Dissemination, and Use” в книге: Joseˆ Goldemberg and Thomas B. Johansson, Energy as an Instrument for Socio-Economic Development (New York: U.N. Development Programme, 1995).

6 Kevin Porter, “Final Kakuma Evaluation: Solar Cookers Filled a Critical Gap” в Solar Cooker International, Solar Cooker Review , vol. 10, no. 2 (November 2004); “Breakthrough in Kenyan Refugee Camps” – см.: solarcooking. org/kakuma-m.htm, просмотрено автором 30 июля 2007 г.

7 FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2015/30, Technical Interim Report (Geneva: Economic and Social Department, 2000), pp. 156–157.

8 Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use, “WWF/World Bank Forest Alliance Launches Ambitious Program to Reduce Deforestation and Curb Illegal Logging”, пресс-релиз (New York: World Bank/WWF, 25 May 2005); WWF/World Bank Global Forest Alliance, Annual Report 2005 (Gland, Switzerland, and Washington, DC: December 2006), p. 31.

9 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC, Forest Stewardship Council: News & Notes , vol. 7, issue 6 (July 2009); FSC, “Global FSC Certificates: Type and Distribution (March 2009)”, презентация в формате PowerPoint на www.fsc.org, июнь 2009.

10 A. Del Lungo, J. Ball, and J. Carle, Global Planted Forests Thematic Study: Results and Analysis (Rome: FAO Forestry Department, December 2006), p. 13; U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Production, Supply and Distribution – электронная база данных: www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline, данные обновлены 9 апреля 2009 г.

11 R. James and A. Del Lungo, “Comparison of Estimates of ‘High Value’ Wood With Estimates of Total Forest Plantation Production”, в книге: FAO, The Potential for Fast-Growing Commercial Forest Plantations to Supply High Value Roundwood (Rome: Forestry Department, February 2005), p. 24; данные о площади плантаций взяты из: “Table 4. Total Planted Forest Area: Productive and Protective – 61 Sampled Countries” из книги: Del Lungo, Ball, and Carle, op. cit. note 10, pp. 66–70.

12 Ashley T. Mattoon, “Paper Forests”, World Watch, March/April 1998, pp. 20–28; USDA, op. cit. note 10.

13 FAO, op. cit. note 7, p. 185; Chris Brown and D. J. Mead, eds., “Future Production from Forest Plantations”, Forest Plantations Thematic Paper (Rome: FAO, 2001), p. 9.

14 M. Davis et al., “New England – Acadian Forests” в книге: Taylor H. Ricketts et al., eds., Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999); David R. Foster, “Harvard Forest: Addressing Major Issues in Policy Debates and in the Understanding of Ecosystem Process and Pattern”, LTER Network News: The Newsletter of the Long Term Ecological Network, spring/summer 1996; U.S. Forest Service, “2006 Forest Health Highlights” , различные государственные отчеты: fhm.fs.fed.us, просмотрено автором 2 августа 2007 г.

15 C. Csaki, “Agricultural Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Status and Perspectives”, Agricultural Economics, vol. 22 (2000), pp. 37–54; Igor Shvytov, Agriculturally Induced Environmental Problems in Russia, Discussion Paper No. 17 (Halle, Germany: Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe, 1998), p. 13.

16 Se-Kyung Chong, “Anmyeon-do Recreation Forest: A Millennium of Management” в книге: Patrick B. Durst et al., In Search of Excellence: Exemplary Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific, Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission (Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2005), pp. 251–259.

17 Там же.

18 Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion: english.tema.org.tr, просмотрено автором 31 июля 2007 г.

19 Reed Funk, письмо автору, 9 августа 2005 г.

20 U.S. Embassy, Niamey, Niger, “Niger: Greener Now Than 30 Years Ago”, отчетный ролик, демонстрируемый в рамках национального симпозиума FRAME, октябрь 2006; Chris Reij, “More Success Stories in Africa’s Drylands Than Often Assumed”, доклад на Network of Farmers’ and Agricultural Producers’ Organizations of West Africa Forum on Food Sovereignty, 7–10 November 2006.

21 U.S. Embassy, op. cit. note 20; Reij, op. cit. note 20.

22 Vattenfall, Global Mapping of Greenhouse Gas Abatement Opportunities up to 2030: Forestry Sector Deep-Dive (Stockholm: June 2007), p. 1.

23 “Forest Area and Area Change”, in FAO, op. cit. note 3, pp. 109–115.

24 Johanna Son, “Philippines: Row Rages Over Lifting of Ban on Lumber Exports”, InterPress Service , 17 April 1998; John Aglionby, “Philippines Bans Logging After Fatal Floods”, Guardian (London), 6 December 2004; Republic of the Philippines, “President Okays Selective Lifting of Log Ban”, пресс-релиз (Manila: 7 March 2005).

25 “Forestry Cuts Down on Logging”, China Daily, 26 May 1998; Eric Eckholm, “China Admits Ecological Sins Played Role in Flood Disaster”, New York Times , 26 August 1998; Eric Eckholm, “Stunned by Floods, China Hastens Logging Curbs”, New York Times, 27 September 1998; Chris Brown, Patrick B. Durst, and Thomas Enters, Forests Out of Bounds: Impacts and Effectiveness of Logging Bans in Natural Forests in Asia-Pacific (Bangkok, Thailand: FAO Regional Office for Asia-Pacific, 2001); John Aglionby, “Philippines Bans Logging After Fatal Floods”, Guardian (London), 6 December 2004.

26 Geoffrey Lean, «A Disaster to Take Everyone’s Breath Away”, The Independent (London), 24 July 2006; Daniel Nepstad, “Climate Change and the Forest”, Tomorrow’s Amazonia: Using and Abusing the World’s Last Great Forests (Washington, DC: The American Prospect, September 2007); S. S. Saatchi et al., “Distribution of Aboveground Live Biomass in the Amazon Rainforest”, Global Change Biology, vol. 13, no. 4 (April 2007), pp. 816–837.

27 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 541– 584; Vattenfall, op. cit. note 22, p. 16; поглощение углерода одним деревом, исходя из количества деревьев на гектар, равного 500, взято из U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), Billion Tree Campaign, “Fast Facts” – см. www.unep.org/billiontreecampaign, просмотрено автором 10 октября 2007 г.; период роста взят из книги: Robert N. Stavins and Kenneth R. Richards, The Cost of U.S. Forest Based Carbon Sequestration (Arlington, VA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, January 2005), p. 10.

28 Данные о поглощении углерода взяты из публикации: IPCC, op. cit. note 27, pp. 543, 559.

29 Johan Eliasch, Climate Change: Financing Global Forests (London: The Stationary Office Limited for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 2008), pp. xvi-xvii, 69–80; McKinsey & Company, Pathways to a Low Carbon Economy: Version 2 of the Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve (London: 2009).

30 UNEP, Billion Tree Campaign – см. www.unep.org/billiontreecampaign, просмотрено автором 13 июля 2009 г.; данные о поглощении углерода, исходя из предположения, что три четверти деревьев находятся в тропическом климате, а одна четвертая – в умеренном, взяты из книги: Vattenfall, op. cit. note 22, p. 16; UNEP, “Tree Planting Campaign Hits Four Billion Mark”, пресс-релиз (Nairobi: 10 June 2009).

31 UNEP, “The State of Paranа in Brazil Undertakes a Major Reforestation Project” – см. www.unep.org/billiontreecampaign/CampaignNews, просмотрено автором 12 октября 2007 г.; UNEP, “31 July – The Greenest Day of the Calendar in India and a Tree Planting Record by 600,000 Volunteers” – см. www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual, просмотрено автором 12 октября 2007 г.

32 Chang-Ran Kim, “Tokyo Turns to Rooftop Gardens to Beat the Heat”, Reuters , 7 August 2002; Washington, DC, program from Casey Trees – см. www.caseytrees.org, просмотрено автором 17 июня 2009 г.

33 Kathy Wolf, “Urban Forest Values: Economic Benefits of Trees in Cities”, fact sheet (Seattle, WA: Center for Urban Horticulture, November 1998); Greg McPherson et al., “Municipal Forest Benefits and Costs in Five US Cities”, Journal of Forestry , December 2005, pp. 411–416.

34 “The Great North American Dust Bowl: A Cautionary Tale”, in Secretariat of the U.N. Convention to Combat Desertification, Global Alarm: Dust and Sandstorms from the World’s Drylands (Bangkok: 2002), pp. 77–121.

35 Jeffrey Zinn, Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Current Issues (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 8 May 2001); USDA, Economic Research Service, Agri-Environmental Policy at the Crossroads: Guideposts on a Changing Landscape (Washington, DC: 2001).

36 USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, CORE4 Conservation Practices Training Guide: The Common Sense Approach to Natural Resource Conservation (Washington, DC: August 1999); Rolf Derpsch, “Frontiers in Conservation Tillage and Advances in Conservation Practice” в сборнике: D. E. Stott, R. H. Mohtar, and G. C. Steinhardt, eds., Sustaining the Global Farm , избранные статьи 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Meeting, at Purdue University and USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, 24–29 May 1999 (Washington, DC: 2001), pp. 248–254.

37 Rolf Derpsch and Theodor Friedrich, “Development and Current Status of No-till Adoption in the World”, презентация на International Soil Tillage Research Conference, Izmir, Turkey, 16 June 2009; Conservation Technology Information Center, Purdue University, “National Tillage Trends (1990–2004)”, взято из 2004 National Crop Residue Management Survey Data ; FAO, Intensifying Crop Production with Conservation Agriculture – см. www.fao.org/ag, просмотрено автором 20 мая 2003 г.

38 FAO, op. cit. note 37.

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39 Souhail Karam, “Drought-Hit North Africa Seen Hunting for Grains”, Reuters, 15 July 2005.

40 Godwin Nnanna, “Africa’s Message for China”, China Dialogue , 18 April 2007; International Institute for Sustainable Development, “African Regional Coverage Project”, Eighth African Union Summit – Briefing Note , vol. 7, issue 2 (7 February 2007), p. 8; Federal Republic of Nigeria, Ministry of Environment, “Green Wall Sahara Programme” – см. www.greenwallsahara.org, просмотрено автором 17 октября 2007 г.; Anne Woodfine and Sandrine Jauffret, Scope and Pre-Feasibility Study on the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and Sahel Initiative (Hemel Hempstead, U.K.: HTPSE Ltd., June 2009).