Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

40 Matthew L. Wald, “Two Large Solar Plants Planned in California”, New York Times , 15 August 2008.

41 China Technology Development Group Corporation, “CTDC to Build 30MW On-Grid Solar Power Station in Qaidam Basin”, press release (Hong Kong: 2 January 2009); EPIA, op. cit. note 10, p. 10.

42 Svetlana Kovalyova, “Taly’s Solar Power Flourishes with State Help”, Reuters , 12 March 2009; EPIA, op. cit. note 10, p. 8; “Chapter 8.8: California Solar Initiative” – in California State Legislature, Statutes 2006 , SB1, Chapter 132 (Sacramento, CA: 21 August 2006); California Public Utilities Commission, California Solar Initiative Program Handbook (San Francisco, CA: January 2009), p. 91; Sara Parker, “Maryland Expands RPS: 1,500 MW Solar by 2022”, Renewable Energy Access , 12 April 2007; New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program, “FAQ: NJ Solar Financing Program”, fact sheet (Newark, NJ: New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, 12 September 2007).

43 Расчеты выполнены на основании данных, приведенных в публикации: EPIA, op. cit. Note 10, pp. 3–4; данные и численность людей, не имеющих электричества, взяты из публикации: IEA, op. cit. note 34.

44 Rainer Aringhoff et al., Concentrated Solar Thermal Power – Now! (Brussels, Almeria, and Amsterdam: European Solar Thermal Industry Association (ESTIF), IEA SolarPACES, and Greenpeace International, September 2005), p. 4; NREL, U. S. Parabolic Trough Power Plant Data – электронная база данных – см.: www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/power – plant_data.html, обновлено 25 июля 2008 г.; “Largest Solar Thermal Plant in 16 Years Now Online”, EERE Network News , 13 June 2007; Solar Energy Industries Association, US Solar Industry Year in Review 2008 (Washington, DC: March 2009), pp. 1, 7.

45 Lockheed Martin Corporation, “Lockheed Martin to Support Utility-Scale Solar Power Plant in Arizona”, press release (Moorestown, NJ: 22 May 2009); Arizona Public Service, “APS, Starwood Energy to Collaborate on Major Concentrating Solar Plant”, press release (Phoenix: 22 May 2009).

46 “Algeria Aims to Export Power”, op. cit. note 4; Maclean, op. cit. note 4.;

47 “Algeria Aims to Export Power”, op. cit. note 4; Maclean, op. cit. note 4; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “New Energy Algeria (NEAL)” – см.: www.ornl. gov/sci/eere/international/neal_index.htm, просмотрено 17 апреля 2009 г.

48 Douglas Fischer, “Solar Thermal Comes Out of the Shadows”, The Daily Climate , 20 November 2008; Jonathan G. Dorn, “Solar Thermal Power Coming to a Boil”, Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 22 July 2008); “NRG Energy to Develop 500 MW of Solar Thermal”, Renewable Energy World , 25 February 2009; Vanessa Lindlaw, Bright-Source Energy, письмо, отправленное по электронной почте Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 3 июня 2009 г.

49 Alok Jha, “Power in the Desert: Solar Towers Will Harness Sunshine of Southern Spain”, Guardian (London), 24 November 2008; данные о проектах строительства новых тепловых станций взяты из работы: Dorn, op. cit. note 48; EER, “Global Concentrated Solar Power Markets & Strategies, 2009–2020”, study announcement (Cambridge, MA: April 2009).

50 Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2007 Global Status Report (Paris and Washington, DC: REN21 Secretariat and Worldwatch Institute, 2008), p. 14; DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), “Concentrating Solar Power Funding Opportunity Announcement”, news release (Washington, DC: 25 May 2007).

51 Mark S. Mehos and David W. Kearney, “Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Concentrating Solar Power by 2030” – в книге: Charles F. Kutscher, ed., Tackling Climate Change in the U. S. – Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by 2030 (Boulder, CO: American Solar Energy Society, 2007), pp. 79–90; данные о потреблении электричества в США взяты из публикации: DOE, EIA, Electric Power Annual 2007 (Washington, DC: January 2009), p. 1; U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, “Energy”, Arizona State Office, “Arizona, the New Frontier!” and California Desert District, “Solar Energy Projects” – все материалы см.: www.blm.gov, материал обновлен 19 марта 2009 г.

52 Christoph Richter, Sven Teske, and Rebecca Short, Concentrating Solar Power Global Outlook 2009 (Amsterdam, Tabernas, and Brussels: Greenpeace International, SolarPACES, and ESTIF, May 2009), pp. 53–59.

53 Werner Weiss, Irene Bergmann, and Roman Stelzer, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2007 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA, Solatr Heating & Cooling Programme, May 2009), p. 21; “Sunrise or Sunset?”, China Daily , 25 August 2008; Ryan Hodum, “Kunming Heats Up as China’s ‘Solar City’ ”, China Watch (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute and Global Environmental Institute, 5 June 2007); Emma Graham-Harrison, “China Solar Power Firm Sees 25 Percent Growth”, Reuters , 4 October 2007.

54 Монтируемые на крышах нагреватели воды имеют мощность 0,7 киловатта на кв. метр и коэффициент использования мощности, близкий к коэффициенту мощности монтируемых на крышах фотоэлектрических батарей (22%); номинальная мощность взята из работы: Weiss, Bergmann, and Stelzer, op. cit. note 53, p. 4; коэффициент мощности взят из публикации: DOE, NREL, op. cit. note 1.

55 Ole Pilgaard, Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe (Brussels, Belgium: ESTIF, 2007); Weiss, Bergmann, and Stelzer, op. cit. note 53, p. 21; U. N. Population Division, op. cit. note 23; Janet L. Sawin, “Solar Industry Stays Hot” – в книге: Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2006–2007 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006).

56 Pilgaard, op. cit. note 55; Weiss, Bergmann, and Stelzer, op. cit. note 53, p. 21; U. N. Population Division, op. cit. note 23.

57 Uwe Brechlin, “Study on Italian Solar Thermal Reveals a Surprisingly High Contribution to EU Market: 130 MWth in 2006”, press release (Brussels: ESTIF, 24 April 2007); Sawin, op. cit note 55, p. 38; Les Nelson, “Solar-Water Heating Resurgence Ahead?”, Solar Today , May/June 2007, p. 28; Pilgaard, op. cit. note 55; Ambiente Italia, STO Database , ProSTO Project Web site – см. www.solarordinances.eu, просмотрено 3 июня 2009 г.

58 Nelson, op. cit. note 57, p. 27; Larry Sherwood, U.S. Solar Trends 2007 (Latham, NY: Interstate Rebewable Energy Council, August 2008), p. 9; Jackie Jones, “Such and Obvious Solution”, Renewable Energy World , 2 September 2008.

59 Weiss, Bergmann, and Stelzer, op. cit. note 53, p. 21; данные о стимулах взяты из работы: Jones, op. cit. note 58.

60 Если в 2020 г. 5 млрд. человек, проживающих в развивающихся странах за пределами Китая, создадут сравнимые с Китаем 0,08 кв. м. смонтированных на крышах мощностей по нагреванию воды и отоплению помещений на человека, это добавит к общей площади таких мощностей в мире 400 млн. кв. м. Предположения основаны на данных из работы: Weiss, Bergmann, and Stelzer, op. cit. note 53, p. 21, и публикации: U. N. Population Division, op. cit. note 23.

61 Nelson, op. cit. note 57, p. 26

62 Там же, p. 28; Ambiente Italia, op. cit. note 57.

63 EPIA, op. cit. note 57, p. 6; Richter, Teske, and Short, op. cit. note 52, p. 83; Shuster, op. cit. note 31.

64 Karl Gawell et al., International Geothermal Development Directory and Resource Guide (Washington, DC: Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), 2003); EER Global Geothermal Markets and Strategies 2009–2020 (Cambridge, MA: May 2009).

65 Темпы роста использования геотермальной энергии рассчитаны на основании данных, приведенных в работах: Ruggero Bertani, “World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, GHC Bulletin , September 2007, pp. 8–9, и EER, op. cit. note 64.

66 Bertani, op. cit. note 65, pp. 8–9; Klara Slack, U. S. Geothermal Power Production and Development Update (Washington, DC: GEA, March 2009); EER, op. cit. note 64; число стран, имеющих геотермальную энергию, взято из работы: Karl Gawell et al., 2007 Interim Report: Update on World Geothermal Development (Washington, DC: GEA, 1 May 2007), p. 1; доля электроэнергии, произведенной с помощью геотермальной энергии, рассчитана на основе данных об установленных мощностях, приведенных в работе: Bertani, op. cit. note 65, p. 9; коэффициент мощности взят из работы: Ingvar B. Fridleifsson et al., “The Possible Role and Contribution of Geothermal Energy to the Mitigation of Climate Change” – в книге: O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin, eds., IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources, Proceedings (Luebeck, Germany: 20–25 January 2008), p. 5; DOE, EIA, “International Energy Annual 2005 – World Electricity Data” – см.: www.eia.doe.gov/iea/elec.html, материал обновлен 15 сентября 2007 г.

67 World Bank, “Geothermal Energy”, prepared under PB Power and World Bank partnership program – см.: www.worldbank.org, просмотрено 23 января 2003 г.

68 Jefferson Tester et al., The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st Century (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006); John W. Lund and Derek H. Freeston, “World-Wide Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy 2000”, Geothermics , vol. 30 (2001), pp. 34, 46, 51, 53.

69 Tester et al., op. cit. note 68, pp. 1–4; Julian Smith, “Renewable Energy: Power Beneath Our Feet”, New Scientist , 8 October 2008.

70 Rachel Nowak, “Who Needs Coal When You Can Mine Earth’s Deep Heat?”, New Scientist , 19 July 2008; Tester et al., op. cit. note 68.

71 UCS, “How Geothermal Energy Works” – см.: www.ucsusa.org/clean – energy/renewable_energy_basics/offmen-how-geothermal-energyu-works.html, просмотрено 22 апреля 2009 г.; Slack, op. cit. note 66.

72 “Geothermal Power Projects to Cost $US19.8 Bln, Official Says”, op. cit. note 6; Ed Davies and Karen Lema, “Geothermal-Rich SE Asia Struggles to Tap Earth’s Power”, Reuters , 30 June 2008; Bertani, op. cit. note 65, pp. 8–9; “Energy Dev Corp.: Bid to Become Top Geothermal Producer ”, Agence France-Presse , 14 January 2009; Geysir Green Energy, “Philippines” – см.: www.geysirgreen energy.com/Operations-and-Development/asia/philippines, просмотрено 22 апреля 2009 г.

73 German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources (BGR), “African Rift Geothermal Facility (ARGeo)”, – см.: www.bgr. de/geotherm/projects/argeo.html, просмотрено автором 22 апреля 2009 г.; U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), “Hot Prospect – Geothermal Electricity Set for Rift Valley Lift-Off in 2009”, press release (Nairobi: 9 December 2008); Bertani, op. cit. note 65, pp. 8–9; DOE, op. cit. note 3.

74 Yoko Nishikawa, “Japan Geothermal Projects Pick Up After 20 Years: Report”, Reuters , 4 January 2009; Bertani, op. cit. note 65, pp. 8–9; Lund and Freeston, op. cit. note 68, p. 46.

75 Werner Bussmann, “Germany: The Geothermal Market is Expanding”, presentation to the Renewable Energy Exhibition, Lyon, Paris, 25–28 February 2009; Jane Burgermeister, “Geothermal Electricity Booming in Germany”, Renewable Energy World , 2 June 2008; UNEP, op. cit. note 73.

76 DOE, EERE, “Energy Savers: Geothermal Heat Pumps”, материал обновлен 24 февраля 2009 г., и “Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems”, материал обновлен 30 декабря 2008 г. – см.: www.energysavers.gov; Burgermeister, op. cit. note 75.

77 Iceland National Energy Authority and Ministries of Industry and Commerce, Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland (Reykjavik, Iceland: April 2006), p. 16; World Bank, op. cit. note 67.

78 Lund and Freeston, op. cit. note 68, pp. 34, 51, 53.

79 World Bank, op. cit. note 67.

80 Там же.

81 Lund and Freeston, op. cit. note 68, pp. 46, 53.

82 Данные по США взяты из работы: Tester et al., op. cit. note 68; данные по Японии, рассчитанные на основе предположения о том, что Усовершенствованные Геотермальные Системы смогут удвоить потенциал, оцениваемый 72 000 мегаватт, взяты из работы: Hirofumi Muraoka et al., “Assessment of Hydrothermal Resource Potentials in Japan 2008”, Abstract of Annual Meeting of Geothermal Research Society of Japan (Kanazawa, Japan: 2008); Hirofumi Muraoka, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, послание, отправленное по электронной почте Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 13 июля 2009 г.

83 Stephen R. Gliessman, Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems , 2nd ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006), p. 256; Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate TechBook: Solar Power”, fact sheet (Arlington, VA: May 2009); Richter, Teske, and Short, op. cit. note 52, pp. 18–19.

84 Ralph P. Overend and Anelia Milbrandt, “Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Biomass by 2030” – в книге: Kutscher, op. cit. note 51, pp. 112–130; DOE, op. cit. note 51, p. 24.

85 Swedish Energy Agency, Energy in Sweden 2008 (Eskilstuna, Sweden: December 2008), pp. 96, 111.

86 Данные о населении взяты из публикации: Census Bureau, op. cit. note 1; Anders Rydaker, “Biomass for Electricity & Heat Production”, presentation at Bionergy North America 2007, Chicago, IL., 16 April 2007.