Поля крови. Религия и история насилия - Карен Армстронг
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912
Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship, pp. 68–69. Омейяды научились этому у арабской династии Лахмидов, которые были некогда клиентами Персии. см.: также Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), pp. 79–80
913
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1971, 1989), pp. 201–02
914
Michael Bonner, Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab – Byzantine Frontier (New Haven, 1996), pp. 99–106
915
Абу Нувас, Диван, 452, 641; см.: Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 129
916
Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 127–31
917
Ibid., pp. 99–110
918
Peter Partner, God of Battles: Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam (London, 1997), p. 51
919
Ср. Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad, p. 143, no. 141; Al Bayhagi, Zuhd (Beirut, n. d.), p. 165, no. 273 in Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 35
920
Parsons, Rule of Empires, p. 77; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 89; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1. p. 305
921
Aziz Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim Christian and Pagan Politics (London and New York, 1997), p. 239; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, pp. 444–45
922
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, pp. 315–54
923
Ibid., p. 317; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 92–93; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 21
924
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, p. 323
925
Сунниты формируют большинство, выстраивая свою жизнь на основе «обычая» (сунны) Пророка
926
Название «Фатимиды» связано с тем, что исмаилиты, подобно всем шиитам, почитали Фатиму, дочь Пророка, жену Али и мать Хусейна
927
Bernard Lewis, The Assassins (London, 1967); Edwin Burman, The Assassins: Holy Killers of Islam (London, 1987)
928
H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gregory VII’s “Crusading” Plans of 1074’, in B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail, eds, Outremer (Jerusalem, 1982)
929
Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 17–22
930
Joseph R. Strager, ‘Feudalism in Western Europe’, in Rushton Coulborn, ed., Feudalism in History (Hamden, Conn., 1965), p. 21; Michael Gaddis, There is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 334–35; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 283, 289
931
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), p. 134
932
J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983), pp. 187, 245
933
Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 254–57
934
Ibid., pp. 276–302
935
Einard, ‘Life of Charlemagne’, in Lewis Thorpe, trans., Two Lives of Charlemagne (Harmondsworth, UK, 1969), p. 67
936
Karl F. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300–1140 (Princeton, 1969), p. 378
937
Rosamund McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987 (London and New York, 1983), p. 62
938
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 134–35
939
Алкуин, Письмо 174; см.: R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, UK, 1970), p. 32
940
Строго говоря, это письмо написал за него Алкуин. См.: Алкуин, Письмо 93; Wallace-Hadrill, Frankish Church, p. 186
941
Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 281
942
Talal Asad, ‘On Discipline and Humility in Medieval Christian Monasticism’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore and London, 1993), p. 148
943
Ibid., pp. 130–34
944
Southern, Western Society and the Church, pp. 217–24
945
Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of a System of Social Classification’, in The Chivalrous Society, trans. Cynthia Postan (London, 1977), p. 91
946
Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of Knighthood’, in ibid., p. 165
947
Основополагающая хартия короля Эдгара для нового собора (Винчестер); см.: Southern, Western Society and the Church, pp. 224–25
948
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989 ed.), pp. 86–87
949
Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 301
950
Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (London, 1980), p. 151; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 3
951
Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), pp. 296, 298
952
Georges Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century, trans. Howard B. Clarke (Ithaca, NY, 1974), p. 49
953
Duby, ‘Origins of a System of Social Classification, ’ pp. 91–92
954
Первая известная нам формулировка этой системы содержится в поэме Адельберона Ланского (ок. 1028–1030 гг.) и в «Деяниях епископов Камбре» Герарда Камбрейского (ок. 1025 г.). Однако она могла возникнуть и раньше: см.: Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 165
955
Епископ Мербад Реннский; см.: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina (PL) (Paris 1844–64), 1971, 1483–34; ср.: PL, 162, 1058–59; R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987), p. 102
956
Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), pp. 46–47
957
Thomas Head and Richard Landes, eds, The Peace of God: Social Justice and Religious Response in France around the Year 1000 (Ithaca, NY, 1992); Tomaz Mastnak, Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World and Western Political Order (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2002), pp. 1–18; Duby, Chivalrous Society, pp. 126–31; H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Peace and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century’, Past and Present, 46 (1970)
958
James Westfall Thompson, Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages (New York, 1928), p. 668
959
Нарбоннский собор 1054 г.; см.: Duby, Chivalrous Society, p. 132
960
Glaber, Historiarum V. i. 25 in Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 11
961
Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 169
962
P. A. Sigal, ‘Et les marcheurs de Dieu prirent leurs armes, ’ L’Histoire, 47 (1982); Riley-Smith, First Crusade (London, 1986), p. 10
963
Riley Smith, First Crusade, pp. 7–8
964
Ibid., pp. 17–27.
965
Урбан, Послание князьям Каталонии; ibid., p. 20
966
Мф. 19:29
967
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 130–36
968
Sigal, ‘Et les marcheurs de Dieu’, p. 23; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 23
969
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 48–49
970
‘Chronicle of Rabbi Eliezer bar Nathan’, in Schlomo Eidelberg, trans. and ed., The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (London, 1977), p. 80
971
Guibert of Nogent, De Vita Sua, II. 1, in Joseph McAlhany and Jay Rubinstein, trans. and ed., Monodies and On the Relics of the Saints: The Autobiography and a Manifesto of a French Monk from the Time of the Crusades (London, 2011), p. 97
972
Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Europe (New York, 1956), pp. 7, 10–12
973
John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1972), p. 48
974
Georges Duby, ‘The Transformation of the Aristocracy’, in Chivalrous Society, p. 82
975
Norman Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1984), pp. 68–70
976
Duby, ‘The Juventus, ’ in Chivalrous Society, pp. 112–21
977
Ibid., p. 120
978
Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, p. 63
979
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 46
980
Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, Recueil des Historiens des Croisade (RHC), ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1841–1906), 3 in ibid., p. 36
981
E. O. Blake, ‘The Formation of the “Crusade Idea” ’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 21, 1 (1970); Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 56–57
982
The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, trans. Rosalind Hill (London, 1962), p. 27
983
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1098–1127, trans. and ed. Frances Rita Ryan (Knoxville, 1969), p. 96
984
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 91
985
Ibid., pp. 84–85
986
Ibid., p. 117
987
John Fowles, The Magus, revised edition (London, 1997), p. 413. [Перевод Б. Кузьминского. Цит. по: Фаулз Дж. Волхв. – М.: Эксмо, 2009. – Прим. пер.]
988
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 66
989
Deeds of the Franks, p. 91
990
Раймунд Ажильский, История франков, которые взяли Иерусалим; см.: August C. Krey, ed. and trans., The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants (Princeton, NJ, and London, 1921), p. 266. [Перевод М. Заборова. Здесь и далее цит. по: Заборов М. История крестовых походов в документах и материалах. – М.: Высшая школа, 1977. – Прим. пер.]
991
Fulcher, History of the Expedition, p. 102
992
Раймунд Ажильский, История франков; см.: Krey, ed., First Crusade, p. 266
993
Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana (Paris, 1846), RHC, 3, p. 741
994
Fulcher, History of the Expedition, pp. 66–67; Robert the Monk, Historia, p. 725; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 143