Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации - Лестер Браун

60 Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy , July/August 2009, op. cit. note 54; U.N.World Food Programme, op. cit. note 26.

61 Financial Times , op. cit. note 21; Carolyn Said, “Nothing Flat about Tortilla Prices: Some in Mexico Cost 60 Percent More, Leading to a Serious Struggle for Low-Income People”, San Francisco Chronicle , 13 January 2007; Adam Morrow and Khaled Moussa al-Omrani, “Egypt: Rising Food Costs Provoke Fights Over Subsidised Bread”, Inter Press Service , 26 March 2008; Raphael Minder, John Aglionby, and Jung-a-Song, “Soaring Soybean Price Stirs Anger Among Poor ”, Financial Times , 18 January 2008; Joseph Delva and Jim Loney, “Haiti’s Government Falls after Food Riots”, Reuters , 12 April 2008.

62 Keith Bradsher, “High Rice Cost Creating Fears of Asian Unrest”, New York Times , 29 March 2008; Kamran Haider, “Pakistani Troops Escort Wheat Trucks to Stop Theft”, Reuters , 13 January 2008; Nadeem Sarwar, “Pakistan’s Poor, Musharraf Reeling Under Wheat Crisis”, Deutsche Presse-Agentur , 14 January 2008; Carlotta Gall, “Hunger and Food Prices Push Afganistan to Brink”, New York Times , 16 May 2008; U. N. World Food Programme, “Almost 6 Million Sudanese Await WFP Support in 2009” – см.: www.wfp.org, 5 March 2009.

63 Документ ООН “Операции ООН по поддержанию мира», доклад – см.: www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/bnote.htm, просмотрено автором 8 июня 2009 г.; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO in Afganistan” – см.: www.nato.int/issues/Afganistan/index.html, updated 27 March 2009.

64 U. N. World Food Programme, op. cit. note 26.

65 Stephanie McCrummen, “In an Eastern Congo Oasis, Blood amid the Greenery”, Washington Post , 22 July 2007.

66 U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 5.

67 Harold G. Vatter, The US Economy in World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 13: Alan L. Gropman, Mobilizing U.S. Industry in World War II (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, August 1996); Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time – Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 316.

68 U. N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, Extended Dataset , CD-ROM (New York: 9 April 2009).

69 CalCars, “All About Plug-In Hybrids” – см.: www.calcars.org, просмотрено автором 9 июня 2009 г.; General Motors, “Imagine: A Daily Commute Without Using a Drop of Gas” – см.: www.chevrolet.com/ electriccar, просмотрено автором 8 августа 2008 г.

70 Larry Kinney, Lighting Systems in Southwestern Homes: Problems and Opportunities , prepared for DOE, Building America Program through the Midwest Research Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Division (Boulder, CO: Southwest Energy Efficiency Project, June 2005, pp. 4–5; CREE LED Lighting, Ultra-Efficient Lighting” – см.: www.creelighting. com/efficiency.htm, просмотрено автором 17 апреля 2009 г.

71 Сведения о Дании взяты из публикации Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) “Interactive World Map” – см.: www.gwec.net/index. php?id=126, просмотрено автором 29 мая 2009 г., и из статьи: Flemming Hansen, “Denmark to Increase Wind Power to 50% by 2025, Mostly Offshore”, Renewable Energy Access , 5 December 2006; GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report (Brussels: 2009), p. 13. Данные о потреблении электроэнергии, произведенной на ветровых станциях, в расчете на душу населения в Европе взяты из публикации European Wind Energy Association, “Wind Power on Course to Become Major European Energy Source by the End of the Decade”, press release (Brussels: 22 November 2004); данные о нагревании воды с помощью солнечной энергии в Китае взяты из публикации: Werner Weiss, Irene Bergmann, and Roman Stelzer, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2007 (Gleisdorf, Austria: International Energy Agency, Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, May 2009), p. 20; данные по Исландии взяты из публикации: Iceland National Energy Authority and Ministries of Industry and Commerce , Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland (Reykjavik: April 2006), p. 16; доля электричества рассчитана Earth Policy Institute на основе данных об установленных мощностях, опубликованных в статье: Ruggero Bertani, «World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, GHC Bulletin , September 2007, p. 9; коэффициент использования мощностей взят из статьи: Ingvar B. Fridleifsson et al., “The Possible Role and Contribution of Geothermal Energy to the Mitigation of Climate Change, опубликованной в сборнике: O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin, eds., IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources, Proceedings (Luebeck, Germany: 20–25 January 2008), p. 5; данные о совокупном производстве электричества взяты из публикации “World Total Net Electricity Generation, 1980–2005” в сборнике International Energy Annual 2005 (Washington, DC: 13 September 2007), изданном министерством энергетики США и Американским инженерным институтом.

72 Se-Kyung Chong, “Anmyeon-do Recreation Forest: A Millennium of Management” – в книге: Patrick B. Durst et al., In Search of Excellence: Exemplary Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific , Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission (Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2005), pp. 251–259; Daniel Hellerstein, “USDA Land Retirement Programs” – см. в публикации: USDA, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators 2006 (Washington, DC: July 2006); USDA, ERS, Agri-Environmental Policy at the Crossroads: Guideposts on a Changing Landscape , Agricultural Economic Report No. 794 (Washington, DC: January 2001); USDA, op. cit. note 6.

73 Molly O’Meara, Reinventing Cities for People and the Planet , Worldwatch Paper 147 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, June 1999), p. 47; City of Amsterdam, “Bike Capital of Europe” – см. www.toamsterdam. nl, просмотрено автором 2 июля 2009 г.; Serge Schmemann, “I Love Paris on a Bus, a Bike, a Train and in Anything but a Car”, New York Times , 26 July 2007; Transport for London, Central London Congestion Charging: Impacts Monitoring (London: various years).

К ГЛАВЕ 2

1 Lester R. Brown. The Twenty-Ninth Day (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978).

2 Сведения о площади зернового клина в США взяты из электронной базы данных министерства сельского хозяйства США Production, Supply and Distribution – см.: www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline (данные обновлены 9 апреля 2009 г.). Цифры, характеризующие разрушение почвенного слоя, рассчитаны автором на основе данных, приведенных в статье: Mohan K. Wali et al. “Assessing Terrestrial Ecosystem Sustainability”, Nature & Resources , October-December 1999, pp. 21–33, и в публикации: World Resources Institute (WRI), World Resources 2000–2001 (Washington, DC: 2000).

3 Электронная база данных Продовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организации ООН (FAO) ResourceSTAT – cм.: faostat.fao.org (данные обновлены в апреле 2009 г.); Lester R. Brown, “Melting Mountain Glaciers Will Shrink Grain Harvests in China and India ”, Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 20 March 2008).

4 Jacob W. Kijne, Unlocking the Water Potential of Agriculture (Rome: FAO, 2003), p. 26.

5 Lester R. Brown. Outgrowing the Earth (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004), pp. 101–102.

6 Walter C. Lowdermilk, Conquest of the Land Through 7,000 Years . USDA Bulletin No. 99 (Washington, DC: USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1939).

7 Там же p. 10.

8 FAO, “FAO/WFP Crop and Food Assessment Mission to Lesotho Special Report”, – www.fao.org, просмотрено автором 29 мая 2002 г.; U. N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database – eas.un.org/unpp, обновлено 11 марта 2009 г.; Michael Grunwald, «Bizarre Weather Ravages Africans’ Crops”, Washington Post , 7 January 2003.

9 USDA, op. cit. note 2; U.N. World Food Programme (WFP), “Lesotho” – см.: www.wfp.org/countries/lesotho; просмотрено автором 5 мая 2009 г.

10 USDA, op. cit. note 2; FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (Rome: 2006), p. 193; WFP, “Haiti” – см.: www.wfp.org/countries/ haiti; просмотрено автором 5 мая 2009 г.

11 U. N. Environmental Programme (UNEP), Mongolia: State of the Environment 2002 (Pathumthani, Thailand: Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific, 2001), pp. 3–7; U. N. Population Division, op. cit note 8; USDA, op. cit. note 2.

12 FAO, “More People Than Ever are Victims of Hunger”, background note (Rome: June 2009).

13 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observatory, “Dust Storm off Western Sahara Coast” – см.: earthobservatory.nasa.gov; просмотрено автором 9 января 2005 г.

14 Paul Brown, “4x4 Replace the Desert Camel and Whip Up a Worldwide Dust Storm”, Guardian (London), 20 August 2004.

15 Там же.

16 Ann Schrader, “Latest Import from China: Haze”, Denver Post , 18 April 2001; Brown, op. cit. note 14.

17 Howard W. French, “China’s Growing Deserts Are Suffocating Korea”, New York Times, 14 April 2002.

18 Количество пыльных бурь в Китае см. в Таблице 1–1 книги: Lester R. Brown, Janet Larsen, and Bernie Fischlowitz Roberts, The Earth Policy Reader (New York: W.W. Norton&Company, 2002, p.13).

19 U. S. Embassy, “Desert Mergers and Acquisitions”, Beijing Environment, Science, and Technology Update (Beijing: 19 July 2002), p. 2.

20 Asif Farrukh , Pakistan Grain and Feed Annual Report 2002 (Islamabad, Pakistan: USDA Foreign Agricultiral Service, 2003).

21 UNEP, Africa Environment Outlook: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives (Nairobi: 2002).

22 Оценка площади территории взята из книги: Stanley Wood, Kate Sebastian, and Sara J. Scherr, Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Agroecosystems (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute and WRI, 2000), p. 3; FAO, ProdSTAT – электронная база данных: faostat.fao.org, обновлено в июне 2009 г.

23 Численность пастухов взята из публикации: FAO, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2003 (Rome: 2003), p. 15; Robin P. White, Siobhan Murray, and Mark Rohweder, Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Grassland Ecosystems (Washington, DC: WRI, 2000); U. N. Population Division, op. cit. note 8; FAO, op. cit. note 22; Southern African Development Coordination Conference, SADCC Agriculture: Toward 2000 (Rome: FAO, 1984).

24 Government of Nigeria, Combating Desertification and Mitigating the Effects of Drough in Nigeria , Revised National Report on the Implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (Nigeria: April 2002); U. N. Population Division, op. cit. note 8; FAO, op. cit. note 22.

25 U. N. Population Division, op. cit. note 8; FAO, op. cit. note 22; Iranian News Agency, “Official Warns of Impending Desertification Catastrophe in Southeast Iran”, BBC International Reports , 29 September 2002.

26 UNEP, Afganistan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment (Geneva: 2003), p. 52.

27 FAO, op. cit. note 22.

28 Wang Tao et al., «A Study on Spatial-temporal Changes of Sandy Desertified Land During Last 5 Decades in North China”, Acta Geographica Sinica , vol. 59 (2004), pp. 203–212.

29 Wang Tao, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CAREERI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, сообщение автору книги, посланное по электронной почте 4 апреля 2004 г.; Wang Tao, «The Process and Its Control of Sandy Desertification in Northern China”, CAREERI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, seminar on desertification, Lanzhou, China, May 2002.

30 FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 1995 (Rome: 1995), p. 175; Rosamond Naylor et al., “Losing the Links between Livestock and Land”, Science , vol. 310 (9 December 2005), pp. 1, 621–622.

31 “The Great North American Dust Bowl: A Cautionary Tale” в сборнике: Secretariat of the U. N. Convention to Combat Desertification, Global Alarm: Dust and Sandstorms from the World’s Drylands (Bangkok: 2002), pp. 77–121; John Steinbeck , The Grapes of Wrath (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc. 1939).

32 FAO, op. cit. note 30, p. 175; David Christian, Imperial and Soviet Russia: Power, Privilege, and the Challenge of Modernity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997), p. 366; USDA, op. cit. note 2; France from USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service, World Agricultural Production (Washington, DC: April 2009), p. 7.

33 David Kaimowitz et al., Hamburger Connection Fuels Amazon Destruction (Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, 2004); Carlos R. Spehar, “Production Systems in the Savannahs of Brazil: Key Factors to Sustainability – в сборнике: Rattan Lal, ed., Soil Quality and Agricultural Sustainability (Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press, 1998) pp. 301–318; Daniel Nepstad, “Climate Change and the Forest”, Tomorrow’s Amazonia: Using and Abusing the World’s Last Great Forests (Washington, DC: The American Prospect, September 2007); Geoffrey Lean, “A Disaster to Take Everyone’s Breath Away”, Independent (London), 24 July 2006.