Поля крови. Религия и история насилия - Карен Армстронг

1477

Willem M. Floor, ‘The Revolutionary Character of the Ulama: Wishful Thinking or Reality’, in Keddie, ed. Religion and Politics in Iran, Appendix, p. 97

1478

Хамид Алгар. «Смешение мистического и политического в личности и судьбе имама Хомейни»: лекция, прочитанная в Школе востоковедения и африканистики Лондонского университета (Лондон, 9 июня 1998 г.).

1479

John XXIII, Mater et Magistra, ‘Christianity and Social Progress’, in Claudia Carlen, ed., The Papal Encyclicals, 1740–1981, 5 vols (Falls Church, Va., 1981), 5, pp. 63–64

1480

Camilo Torres, ‘Latin America: Lands of Violence’, in J. Gerassi, ed., Revolutionary Priest: The Complete Writings and Messages of Camilo Torres (New York, 1971), pp. 422–23

1481

Thia Cooper, ‘Liberation Theology and the Spiral of Violence’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, UK, 2011), pp. 543–55

1482

Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York, 2012), pp. 502–2

1483

Ibid., p. 510

1484

Martin Luther King, Jr., Strength to Love (Philadelphia, 1963), p. 50

1485

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 282–83; Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals, pp. 29–42

1486

Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran, pp. 129–31

1487

Algar, ‘Oppositional Role of the Ulema’, p. 251

1488

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 215–59; Sharough Akhavi, ‘Shariati’s Social Thought’, in Keddie, Religion and Politics in Iran; Abdulaziz Sachedina, ‘Ali Shariati: Ideologue of the Islamic Revolution, ’ in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam; Michael J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1980), pp. 154–67; Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals, pp. 106–15

1489

Sayeed Ruhollah Khomeini, Islam and Revolution, trans. and ed. Hamid Algar (Berkeley, 1981), p. 28

1490

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 242; Fischer, Iran, p. 193

1491

Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran (London, 1985), p. 30

1492

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 243

1493

Fischer, Iran, p. 195

1494

Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 288

1495

Fischer, Iran, p. 184

1496

Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 288

1497

Fischer, Iran, pp. 198–99

1498

Ibid., p. 199; Sick, All Fall Down, p. 51; Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 250. По правительственным сводкам, погибло лишь 120 демонстрантов, а 2000 получили ранения. Другие источники называют цифру от 500 до 1000 погибших.

1499

Fischer, Iran, p. 204

1500

Ibid., p. 205; Keddie (Roots of Revolution, pp. 252–53), однако, считает, что участвовало около миллиона человек.

1501

Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (London, 1985), p. 227

1502

Baqir Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (London, 1999), pp. 227–28

1503

Daniel Brumberg, ‘Khomeini’s Legacy: Islamic Rule and Islamic Social Justice’, in R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East (Chicago, 1997)

1504

Joos R. Hiltermann, A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq and the Gassing of Halabja (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 22–36

1505

Homa Katouzian, ‘Shiism and Islamic Economics: Sadr and Bani Sadr’, in Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran, pp. 161–62.

1506

Michael J. Fischer, ‘Imam Khomeini: Four Levels of Understanding’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 171

1507

Sick, All Fall Down, p. 165

1508

Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York, 1963), p. 18 (Арендт Х. О революции. – М.: Европа, 2011.)

1509

Kautsky, Political Consequences of Modernisation, pp. 60–127.

1510

William Beeman, ‘Images of the Great Satan: Representations of the United States in the Iranian Revolution’, in Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran, p. 215

1511

Rebecca Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution, Suffering and Martyrdom: Violence in the People’s Temple and Jonestown’, in James R. Lewis, ed., Violence and New Religious Movements (Oxford, 2011); Moore, ‘America as Cherry-Pie: The People’s Temple and Violence’, in Catherine Wessinger, ed., Millennialism, Persecution and Violence: Historical Circumstances (Syracuse, NY, 1986); Wessinger, How the Millennium Comes Violently: Jonestown to Heaven’s Gate (New York, 2000); Mary Maaga, Hearing the Voices of Jonestown (Syracuse, NY, 1998)

1512

Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution’, p. 102

1513

Ibid., p. 103

1514

Huey Newton, Revolutionary Suicide (New York, 1973) (Ньютон Х. Революционное самоубийство. – Екатеринбург: Ультракультура, 2003.)

1515

Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution’, p. 106

1516

Ibid., p. 108

1517

Ibid., p. 110

1518

George Steiner, In Bluebeard’s Castle: Some Notes toward the Re-definition of Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1971), p. 3

1519

Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, NY, 1989), pp. 77–92

1520

Joanna Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War’, in George Kassimeris, ed., The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 26

1521

Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (London, 1985), p. 85

1522

Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (Chapel Hill, 1994)

1523

Ibid., pp. 107, 109; возможно, всего лишь 50 тысяч членов.

1524

Ibid., p. 213

1525

William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009), pp. 34–35

1526

C. Gearty, ‘Introduction’, in Gearty, ed., Terrorism (Aldershot, 1996), p. xi

1527

C. Gearty, ‘What is Terror? ’ in Gearty, Terrorism, p. 495; A. Guelke, The Age of Terrorism and the International Political System (London, 2008), p. 7

1528

Richard English, Terrorism: How to Respond (Oxford, 2009), pp. 19–20

1529

A. H. Kydd and B. F. Walter, ‘The Stratagems of Terrorism’, International Security, 31, 1 (Summer, 2006)

1530

P. Wilkinson, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response (London, 2001), pp. 19, 41; Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, 2001), p. 5; J. Horgan, The Psychology of Terrorism (London, 2005), p. 12; English, Terrorism, p. 6

1531

Hugo Slim, ‘Why Protect Civilians? Innocence, Immunity and Enmity in War’, International Affairs, 79, 3 (2003)

1532

Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London, 1998), p. 14 (Хоффман Б. Терроризм – взгляд изнутри. – Екатеринбург: Ультракультура, 2003.); C. C. Harmon, Terrorism Today (London, 2008), p. 7; D. J. Whittaker, ed., The Terrorist Reader (London, 2001), p. 9.

1533

Harmon, Terrorism Today, p. 160

1534

Martha Crenshaw, ‘Reflections on the Effects of Terrorism’, in M. Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism, Legitimacy, and Power: The Consequences of Political Violence (Middletown, Conn., 1983), p. 25

1535

Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (London, 2007), p. 132 (Докинз Р. Бог как иллюзия. – М.: КоЛибри, 2015.)

1536

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 24–54

1537

Muhammad Heikal, Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat (London, 1984), pp. 94–96.

1538

Gilles Kepel, The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt, trans. Jon Rothschild (London, 1985), p. 85

1539

Fedwa El Guindy, ‘The Killing of Sadat and After: A Current Assessment of Egypt’s Islamic Movement’, Middle East Insight 2 (January – February 1982).

1540

Kepel, Prophet and Pharaoh, pp. 70–102

1541

Ibid., pp. 152–59

1542

Ibid., pp. 158–59

1543

Patrick D. Gaffney, The Prophet’s Pulpit: Islamic Preaching in Contemporary Egypt (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1994), pp. 97–101

1544

Heikal, Autumn of Fury, pp. 118–19

1545

Ibid., pp. 141–42

1546

Johannes J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York and London, 1988), pp. 49–88

1547

Ibid., p. 169

1548

Ibid., p. 166

1549

Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (Princeton and London, 1957), p. 241

1550

Ibid., pp. 90, 198

1551

Ibid., pp. 90, 198, 201–02

1552

English, Terrorism, p. 51

1553

Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, ‘Activist Shi’ism in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), p. 456

1554

Alastair Crooke, Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution (London, 2009), p. 173

1555

Martin Kramer, ‘Hizbollah: The Calculus of Jihad’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago and London, 1993), pp. 540–41

1556

Sheikh Muhammad Fadl Allah, Al-Islam wa Muntiq al Quwwa (Beirut, 1976); trans. Crooke, Resistance, p. 173

1557

Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 542

1558

Sachedina, ‘Activist Shi’ism’, p. 448

1559

Интервью с Фадл-аллахом газете «Кайхан» (14 ноября 1985 г.); см.: Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 551

1560

Выступление Фадл-аллаха в газете «Аль-Нахар» (14 мая 1985 г.); см.: Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 550

1561

Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, pp. 548–49; Ariel Meroni, ‘The Readiness to Kill or Die: Suicide Terrorism in the Middle East’, in Walter Reich, ed., The Origins of Terrorism (Cambridge, UK, 1990), pp. 204–05

1562

Crooke, Resistance, pp. 175–76

1563

Интервью Фадл-аллаха газете «Аль-Шира» (18 марта 1985 г.); Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, pp. 552–53