Поля крови. Религия и история насилия - Карен Армстронг

1394

Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, pp. 90–92; Robert C. Fuller, Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession (Oxford and New York, 1995), p. 119

1395

Marsden, Fundamentalism, pp. 184–89; R. Lawrence Moore, Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans (Oxford and New York, 1986), pp. 160–63; Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1992), pp. 41–44, 48–50; Ferenc Morton Szasz, The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880–1930 (University, Ala., 1982), pp. 117–35

1396

Marsden, Fundamentalism in America, pp. 187–88

1397

Aurobindo Ghose, Essays on the Gita (Pondicherry, 1972), p. 39

1398

Louis Fischer, ed., The Essential Gandhi (New York, 1962), p. 193

1399

Mahatma Gandhi, ‘My Mission’, Young India, 3 April 1924, in Judith M. Brown, ed., Mahatma Gandhi: Essential Writings (Oxford and New York, 2008), p. 5

1400

Mahatma Gandhi, ‘Farewell’, An Autobiography, in ibid., p. 65

1401

Kenneth W. Jones, ‘The Arya Samaj in British India, 1875–1947’, in Robert D. Baird, ed., Religion in Modern India (Delhi, 1981), pp. 44–45

1402

Radhey Shyam Pareek, Contribution of Arya Samaj in the Making of Modern India, 1875–1947 (New Delhi, 1973), pp. 325–26

1403

Daniel Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 533–42

1404

Vinayak Damodar Savakar, Hindutva (Bombay, 1969), p. 1

1405

Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms, ’ pp. 575–80

1406

M. S. Golwalkar, We or Our Nationhood Defined (Nagpur, 1939), pp. 47–48

1407

Ibid., p. 35

1408

Sudhir Kakar, The Colours of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict (Chicago and London, 1996), p. 31

1409

Ibid., p. 38

1410

Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms’, pp. 531–32; Sushil Srivastava, ‘The Ayodhya Controversy: A Third Dimension’, Probe India, January 1988

1411

Abul Ala Mawdudi, The Islamic Way of Life (Lahore, 1979), p. 37

1412

Charles T. Adams, ‘Mawdudi and the Islamic State’, in John Esposito, Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York and Oxford, 1983); Youssef M. Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism (London, 1970), pp. 94–139

1413

Mumtaz Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalisms in South Asia, ’ in Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms Observed, pp. 487–500

1414

Abul Ala Mawdudi, Tafhim-al-Qur’an, in Mustansire Mir, ‘Some Features of Mawdudi’s Tafhim al-Quran’, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 2, 2 (1985), p. 242

1415

Introducing the Jamaat-e Islami Hind, in Ahmad ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia, ’ pp. 505–06.

1416

Ibid., pp. 500–01

1417

Khurshid Ahmad and Zafar Ushaq Ansari, Islamic Perspectives (Leicester, 1979), pp. 378–81

1418

Abul Ala Maududi, ‘Islamic Government’, reprinted in Asia 20 (September 1981), p. 9.

1419

Rafiuddin Ahmed, ‘Redefining Muslim Identity in South Asia: The Transformation of the Jama’at-i-Islami’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements (Chicago and London, 1994), p. 683

1420

Ахмадиты считались еретиками, поскольку Ахмад (ум. 1908 г.), их основатель, объявил себя пророком.

1421

Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia, ’ pp. 587–8

1422

Abul Ala Maududi, ‘How to Establish Islamic Order in the Country? ’, The Universal Message, May 1983, pp. 9–10.

1423

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 3, 218–19

1424

George Annesley, The Rise of Modern Egypt: A Century and a Half of Egyptian History, p. 62

1425

Ibid., pp. 51–56

1426

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 71

1427

Nikkie R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981), pp. 72–73, 82

1428

John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernisation (New York, London, Sydney and Toronto, 1972), pp. 146–47

1429

Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11, 2nd ed. (Chicago and London, 2006), pp. 63–65

1430

Daniel Crecelius, ‘Non-Ideological Responses of the Ulema to Modernization’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed, Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since 1500 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1972), pp. 181–82

1431

Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts, 4th ed. (London, 2009), p. 53

1432

Alastair Crooke, Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution (London, 2009), pp. 54–58

1433

Bobby Sayyid, A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism (London, 1997), p. 57

1434

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 262

1435

Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford, 2007), p. 59

1436

Цит. по: Joanna Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War’, in George Kassimeris, ed., The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 29

1437

Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiism (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1985), p. 251; Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 93–94

1438

Azar Tabari, ‘The Role of Shii Clergy in Modern Iranian Politics’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1983), p. 63

1439

Shahrough Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Islam: Clergy – State Relations in the Pahlavi Period (Albany, NY, 1980), pp. 58–59

1440

Majid Fakhry, A History of Islamic Philosophy (New York and London, 1970), pp. 376–81; Bassam Tibi, Arab Nationalism: A Critical Inquiry, trans. Marion Farouk Slugett and Peter Slugett, 2nd ed. (London, 1990), pp. 90–93; Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, pp. 130–61; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, pp. 274–76

1441

Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2 vols (New York, 1908), 2, p. 184

1442

Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, pp. 224, 230, 240–43

1443

John Esposito, ‘Islam and Muslim Politics’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 10; Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (New York and Oxford, 1969), passim

1444

Mitchell, Society of Muslim Brothers, p. 8; даже если эта история и эта речь апокрифичны, они отражают дух раннего братства

1445

Ibid., 9–13, 328

1446

Anwar Sadat, Revolt on the Nile (New York, 1957), pp. 142–43

1447

Mitchell, Society of Muslim Brothers, pp. 205–06

1448

Ibid., p. 302

1449

John O. Voll, ‘Fundamentalisms in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 369–74; Yvonne Haddad, ‘Sayyid Qutb’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam; Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp. 96–151

1450

Qutb, Fi Zilal al-Quran, 2, 924–25

1451

Harold Fisch, The Zionist Revolution: A New Perspective (Tel Aviv and London, 1968), pp. 77, 87 (Фиш Г. Еврейская революция. – М.: Амана, 1993.)

1452

Theodor Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, ed. R. Patai, 2 vols (London and New York, 1960), 2, pp. 793–94

1453

Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, trans. Willard J. Trask (New York, 1959), p. 21 (Элиаде М. Священное и мирское. – М.: МГУ.)

1454

Meir Ben Dov, The Western Wall (Jerusalem, 1983), p. 146

1455

Ibid., p. 148

1456

Ibid., p. 146

1457

Meron Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Jerusalem, 1975), p. 84

1458

Ibid., p. 119

1459

Пс. 71:4

1460

Michael Rosenak, ‘Jewish Fundamentalism in Israeli Education’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 392

1461

Gideon Aran, ‘The Father, the Son and the Holy Land’, in R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East (Chicago, 1997), p. 310

1462

Ibid.

1463

Ibid., p. 311

1464

Ibid., p. 310

1465

Интервью газете «Маарив» (14 нисана 5723 / 1963 г.). см.: Aviezer Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism, trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chipman (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 85.

1466

Ian S. Lustick, For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel (New York, 1988), p. 85; Aran, ‘Father, Son and the Holy Land, ’ p. 310

1467

Samuel C. Heilman, ‘Guides of the Faithful: Contemporary Religious Zionist Rabbis’, in Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised, p. 357

1468

Ehud Sprinzak, ‘Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds. Fundamentalism and the State: Remaking Politics, Economics and Militance (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 472

1469

Gideon Aran, ‘Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism’, in Marty and Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms Observed, p. 290.

1470

Gideon Aran, ‘Jewish Religious Zionist Fundamentalism’, in ibid., p. 280

1471

Ibid., p. 308

1472

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 160–80

1473

Mehrzad Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism (Syracuse, NY, 1996), p. 26; Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism, p. 156

1474

Michael J. Fischer, ‘Imam Khomeini: Four Levels of Understanding’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 157

1475

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 154–56

1476

Ibid., pp. 158–59; Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 254; Hamid Algar, ‘The Oppositional Role of the Ulema in Twentieth-Century Iran’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed., Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since 1500 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1972), p. 248