Пламя Яхве. Сексуальность в Библии - Ричард Дэвидсон
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Относительно общих работ по статусу женщин в ВЗ см. библиографии и аннотации в: Anderson, “Mapping Feminist Biblical Criticism,” 21–44; Phyllis A.Bird, “Women in the Ancient Mediterranean World: Ancient Israel,” BR 39 (1994): 31–79; Gruber, Women in the Biblical World; Samuel Terrien, Till the Heart Sings: A Biblical Theology of Manhood and Womanhood (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), 233–235; Phyllis Trible, “Women in the Old Testament,” IDBSup 966. Среди основных дискуссий: Phyllis A.Bird, “Images of Women in the Old Testament,” in Religion and Sexism: Images of Woman in the Jewish and Christian Traditions (ed. Rosemary Radford Ruether; New York: Simon&Schuster, 1974), 41–88; idem, Missing Persons and Mistaken Identities: Women and Gender in Ancient Israel (OBT; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997); Athalya Brenner, The Israelite Woman: Social Role and Literary Type in Biblical Narrative (Sheffield, Eng.: JSOT Press, 1985); Judy L.Brown, Women Ministers according to Scripture (Minneapolis: Christians for Biblical Equality, 1996), 93–108; Grace I.Emmerson, “Women in Ancient Israel,” in The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological, and Political Perspectives (ed. R.E.Clements; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 371–394; Andre LaCocque, The Feminine Unconventional: Four Subversive Figures in Israel’s Tradition (OBT; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 7–20; Inger Ljung, Silence or Suppression: Attitudes towards Women in the Old Testament (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Uppsala Women’s Studies A Women in Religion 2; Uppsala: S. Academiae Upsaliensis, 1989); Marsman, Women in Ugarit and Israel; Susan Niditch, “Portrayals of Women in the Hebrew Bible,” in Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (ed. Judith R.Baskin; Detroit: Wayne State Univers1ty Press, 1991), 25–42; Otwell, And Sarah Laughed, passim; Meyers, Discovering Eve, passim.
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Относительно ярких примеров этого тезиса см. цитаты в: Otwell, And Sarah Laughed, 10. Среди более поздних исследований с подобными выводами: Paul Avis, Eros and the Sacred (Harrisburg, Pa.: Moorehouse, 1989); Mieke Bal, Lethal Love: Feminist Literary Readings of Biblical Love Stories (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Brenner, The Israelite Woman; Evans, Woman in the Bible, 11–32; Esther Fuchs, Sexual Politics in the Biblical Narrative: Reading the Hebrew Bible as a Woman (JSOTSup 310; Sheffield, Eng.: Sheffield Academic Press: 2000); Kevin Harris, Sex, Ideology, and Religion: The Representation of Women in the Bible (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes&Noble, 1984); Meir Malul, Knowledge, Control, and Sex: Studies in Biblical Thought, Culture, and Worldview (Tel AvivJaffa: Archaeological Center, 2002); Shlomith Yaron, “The Politics of Sex-Woman’s Body as an Instrument for Achieving Man’s Aims,” OTE 1 5 (2002): 269–292; Gale A.Yee, Poor Banished Children of Eve: Woman as Evil in the Hebrew Bible (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2003).
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См. особенно Rosemary Radford Ruether, Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology (Boston: Beacon, 1983), 53–54; ср. Daly, Beyond God the Father, 19; Judith Ochshorn, The Female Experience and the Nature of the Divine (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), 194–195; Esther Fuchs, “The Literary Characterization of Mothers and Sexual Politics in the Hebrew Bible,” in Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship (ed. Adela Yarbro Collins; Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1985), 119. Marsman, Women in Ugarit and Israel, рассматривает в том числе и это расхожее утверждение феминисток. В своей объемной (781 страница!) монографии она убедительно показывает, что социальный и религиозный статус женщин в монотеистическом Израиле отнюдь не был хуже, чем в соседнем Угарите и других соседних ближневосточных землях, где процветали многобожие и почитание богини.
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Обзор статуса женщин на древнем Ближнем Востоке см. особенно в: Tetlow, The Ancient Near East, passim. Согласно Тетлоу, женщины имели почти равные права с мужчинами в древнейших цивилизациях Шумера и Ассирии староассирийского периода; в Старовавилонском царстве статус женщин был еще относительно высок, но в более поздних племенных, феодальных и военных обществах Ближнего Востока (хеттском, поздневавилонском, среднеассирийском, позднеассирийском) этот статус упал, причем самым низким был в среднеассирийском и позднеассирийском обществах. Ср. James R.Baker, Women’s Rights in Old Testament Times (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992); Carol R.Fontaine, “A Heifer from Thy Stable: On Goddesses and the Status of Women in the Ancient Near East,” in “Ad feminam: Fiftieth Anniversary Volume,” ed. Alice Bach, USQR 43 (1989): 67–91; Hurley, Man and Woman, 21–30; Arthur Frederick Ide, Women in the Ancient Near East (Mesquite, Tex.: Ide House, 1982); Elizabeth Mary McDonald, The Position of Women as Reflected in Semitic Codes of Law (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1931); Patrick Mullins, “The Public, Secular Roles of Women in Biblical Times,” Mils 43 (1998): 79–111; idem, “The Religious Roles of Women among Israel’s Neighbors,” Mils 45 (2000): 81–113; Ilse Seibert, Women in the Ancient Near East (New York: Abner Schram, 1974). Beckman, “Goddess Worship,” 20, подытоживает ситуацию в хеттской религиозной культуре: «В сфере религиозной практики авторитет женщин был приблизительно равным мужскому». Что касается Месопотамии, сейчас ученые склонны думать, что права и статус женщин были выше (особенно в древнем Шумере), чем считалось раньше, хотя (особенно в ассирийском обществе) жена была гораздо больше подчинена мужу, чем в Израиле. См. Rivkah Harris, “Women (Mesopotamia),” ABD 6:947–951 (с библиографией); Sophie Lafont, Femmes, droit, et justice dans l’antiquité orientale: Contributions à l’étude du droit pénal au Proche-Orient ancien (OBO 165; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 1999), passim; Sarah C.Melville, “Neo-Assyrian Royal Women and Male Identity: Status as a Social Tool,” JAOS 124 (2004): 37–57; Claudio Saporetti, The Status of Women in the Middle Assyrian Period (Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/1; Malibu, Calif.: Undena, 1979); Tetlow, The Ancient Near East, passim. Относительно древнего Мари см. Bernard F.Batto, Studies on Women at Mari (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974). Относительно Угарита см. Marsman, Women in Ugarit and Israel, passim. Относительно Египта см., например, Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt, La femme au temps des pharaons (Paris: Pernoud, 1986); Leonard H.Lesko, “Women and Priests in Two Egyptian Stories,” in Hesed Ve-Emet: Studies in Honor of Ernest S.Frerichs (ed. Jodi Magness&Seymour Gitin; BJS 320; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998), 217–229; Lise Manniche, Sexual Life in Ancient Egypt (London: Kegan Paul, 1987); Alan R.Millard, “The Position of Women in the Family and Society in Ancient Egypt with Special Reference to the Middle Kingdom” (PhD diss., University of London, University College, 176); Gay Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt (London: British Museum, 1993). Дальнейшую библиографию см. в: Gruber, Women in the Biblical World, 156–226.
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Otwell, And Sarah Laughed, 193. Отуэлл – один из ведущих сторонников этой точки зрения. Однако он цитирует и других «диссидентов» (сс. 10–11, 195–196). Из более поздних работ см., например, Bronner, Stories of Biblical Mothers; Thomas Finley, “The Relationship of Woman and Man in the Old Testament,” in Women and Men in Ministry: A Complementary Perspective (ed. Robert L.Saucy&Judith K.TenElshof; Chicago: Moody, 2001), 61–88; Daniel Friedmann, To Kill and Take Possession: Law, Morality, and Society in Biblical Stories (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2002), 218–231; Gerhard F.Hasel, “Equality from the Start: Woman in the Creation Story,” Spectrum 7, no. 2 (1975): 26–27; Hurley, Man and Woman, 20–57; Walter C.Kaiser Jr., Toward Old Testament Ethics (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983), 204–208; Faith McBurney Martin, Call Me Blessed: The Emerging Christian Woman (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988), 113–138; Meyers, Discovering Eve, passim; Amnon Shapira, “On the Equal Status of Women in the Bible” (иврит), Beit Mikra 159 (1999): 309–337 (см. краткий пересказ в: Christopher T. Begg, OTA 23 [2000]: 195–196); Savina J.Teubal, Sarah the Priestess: The First Matriarch of Genesis (Athens, Ohio: Swallow, 1984), особенно сс. 138–141. См. также авторов первой волны феминизма, которые считали статус женщин в ВЗ высоким: например, Starr, The Bible Status of Woman.
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См. особенно Davidson, “Women in Scripture,” 161–167; idem, “Modern Feminism,” 415–412. Ср. обширную библиографию в: Bellis, Helpmates, Harlots, and Heroes, 95–98, 110–111.
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См. особенно. Jo Ann Davidson, “Genesis Matriarchs Engage Feminism,” AUSS 40, no. 2 (2002): 169–178; idem, “The Well Women of Scripture Revisited,” JATS 17, no. 1 (2006): 209–220. См. краткую дискуссию/идентификацию каждой из этих 29 женщин в: Toni Craven, “Women in Genesis,” TBT 35 (1997): 32–39. Ср. Bronner, Stories of Biblical Mothers, 1–25; Irmtraud Fischer, Women Who Wrestled with God: Biblical Stories of Israel’s Beginnings (trans. Linda M.Maloney; Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical, 2005), 1–112.
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Teubal, Sarah the Priestess, xi.
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См. интересные исследования о Сарре: Bellis, Helpmates, Harlots, and Heroes, 70–74; Mark E.Biddle, «The “Endangered Ancestress” and Blessing for the Nations,» JBL 109 (1990): 599–611; Adrien Janis Bledstein, “The Trials of Sarah,” Judaism 30 (1981): 411–417; Katheryn Pfisterer Darr, Far More Precious than Jewels: Perspectives on Biblical Women (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991), 85–131; Dennis, Sarah Laughed, 34–61; J.Cheryl Exum, «Who’s Afraid of “the Endangered Ancestress”?» in The New Literary Criticism and the Hebrew Bible (ed. J.Cheryl Exum&David J.A.Clines; Sheffield, Eng.: JSOT Press, 1993), 91–113; Sharon Pace Jeansonne, The Women of Genesis: From Sarah to Potiphar’s Wife (SCB 4; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 14–30; Jacques Nicole&Marie-Claire Nicole, “Sara, soeur et femme d’Abraham,” ZAW 112 (2000): 5–23; Janice Nunnally-Cox, Foremothers: Women of the Bible (New York: Seabury, 1981), 5–9; Sakenfeld, Just Wives? 7–25; Tammi J. Schneider, Sarah: Mother of Nations (New York: Continuum, 2004); idem, “Sarah: The Chosen Mother,” TBT 44 (2006): 76–80; Teubal, Sarah the Priestess; Phyllis Trible, “Genesis 22: The Sacrifice of Sarah,” in Not in Heaven: Coherence and Complexity in Biblical Narrative (ed. Jason P.Rosenblatt&Joseph C.Sitterson; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), 170–191; Jack W.Vancil, “Sarah – Her Life and Legacy,” in Essays on Women in Earliest Christianity (ed. Carroll D.Osburn; 2 vols.; Joplin, Mo.: College Press, 1995), 2:37–68. О Сарре и Агари: Amy-Jill Levine, “Settling at Beer-lahai-roi,” in Daughters of Abraham: Feminist Thought in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad&John L.Esposito; Gainesville, Fla: University Press of Florida, 2001), 12–34; Dora R.Mbuwaye-sango, “Childlessness and Woman-To-Woman Relationships in Genesis and African Patriarchal Society: Sarah and Hagar from a Zimbabwean Woman’s Perspective (Gen. 16:1–16; 21:8–21),” Semeia 78 (1997): 27–36; Phyllis Trible, “Ominous Beginnings for a Promise of Blessing,” in Hagar, Sarah, and Their Children: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Perspectives (ed. Phyllis Trible&Letty M.Russell; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2006), 33–69.
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См. анализ в: Mary J.Evans, “The Invisibility of Women: An Investigation of a Possible Blind Spot for Biblical Commentators,” CBRFJ 122 (1990): 37–38.