Нездоровые женщины. Почему в прошлом врачи не хотели изучать женское тело и что заставило их передумать - Элинор Клегхорн

of the militant suff ragette’, The Lancet, 17 May 1913, p. 1415. Для бактериолога-новатора Алмрот Райт воинственная борьба за женское избирательное право была синонимична менопаузальному безумию. Он заявлял, что движение возглавили «сексуально озлобленные» пожилые женщины, чье психическое состояние нарушилось из-за пустоты матки и атрофии яичников. Wright, The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suff rage (Constable, 1913) and ‘Suff rage fallacies: Sir Almroth Wright on militant hysteria’, The Times, 28 March 1912.Глава 10. КОНТРОЛЬ РОЖДАЕМОСТИ

1. Marguerite Tracy and Mary Boyd, Painless Childbirth: A General Survey on all Painless Methods with Special Stress on ‘Twilight Sleep’ and its Extension to America (Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1915), p. 8.

2. Ibid., p. 9.

3. Bernhard Krönig (1908), ‘Painless delivery in Dämmerschlaf’, trans. and reprinted in ibid., p. 212.

4. United States of America Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census, Bulletin 109, E. Dana Durant, Director, Mortality Statistics: 1910 (Washington, Government Printing Offices, 1912), p. 25.

5. See Judith Walzer Leavitt, ‘Under the shadow of maternity: American women’s responses to death and debility fears in nineteenth-century childbirth’, Feminist Studies, 12(1) (Spring 1986), pp. 136–138.

6. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ‘Letter to Lucrecia Mott, 22 October 1852’, quoted in Joanna Bourke, The Story of Pain: From Prayer to Painkillers (Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 209–210.

7. Krönig, ‘Painless delivery in Dämmerschlaf’, in Tracey and Boyd, Painless Childbirth, pp. 205–206.

8. ‘Mrs. Mark Boyd’s Story’, in ibid., p. 195.

9. Ibid., p. 196.

10. ‘Mrs. Francis Carmody’s Story’, in ibid., p. 200.

11. ‘Twilight Sleep: Miss Tracy and Mrs Boyd’s survey of new methods’, the New York Times, 11 April 1915.

12. ‘Twilight Sleep is subject of a new investigation’, the New York Times, 31 January 1915.

13. See Judith Walzer Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America 1750–1950 (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 131.

14. Hana Rion, The Truth About Twilight Sleep (Mcbride, Nast and Company, 1915), pp. 55–56.

15. J. H. Salisbury, ‘The Twilight Sleep in obstetrics’, JAMA, 63(16) (1914), p. 1410. Also cited in L. MacIvor Th ompson, ‘Th e politics of female pain: Women’s citizenship, twilight sleep and the early birth control movement’, Medical Humanities, 45 (2019), pp. 67–74.

16. Bertha Van Hoosen, Scopolamine-Morphine Anaesthesia (The House of Manz, 1915), pp. 41–42.

17. Joseph B. Delee, The Principles and Practice of Obstetrics (W. B. Saunders Company, 1914), pp. xii — xiii.

18. See Judith Walzer Leavitt, ‘Joseph B. DeLee and the practice of preventative obstetrics’, American Journal of Public Health, 78(10) (October 1988), p. 1354.

19. Joseph B. DeLee, ‘The prophylactic forceps operation’, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1 (1920), p. 41.

20. Mary Ware Dennett, ‘Speech at the meeting which organized the National Birth Control League, March 1915’, Papers of Mary Ware Dennett and the Voluntary Parenthood League, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, http://jackiewhiting.net/Women/Mother/DennettBC.htm.

21. See Constance M. Chen, Th e Sex Side of Life: Mary Ware Dennett’s Pioneering Battle for Birth Control (Th e New Press, 1996), pp. 49–56.

22. The Woman Rebel, 1(1) (March 1914), p. 3.

23. Margaret H. Sanger, Family Limitation (revised sixth edition, 1917), p. 6. Sanger published and distributed this pamphlet herself.

24. Ibid.

25. Ware Dennett, ‘Speech at the meeting which organized the National Birth Control League’.

26. Mary Ware Dennett, (1915) The Sex Side of Life: An Explanation for Young People (1919), p.16 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31732/31732-h/31732-h.htm Dennett published this herself — it was also a pamphlet.

27. Margaret H. Sanger, ‘What every girl should know: Part III — Some consequences of ignorance and silence’, New York Call, 2 March 1913, p. 15. Th e Public Writings and Speeches of Margaret Sanger, https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=304928.xml.

28. Margaret H. Sanger, ‘Abortion in the United States’, Th e Woman Rebel, 1(3) (May 1914), p. 24.

29. ‘Mrs. Byrne now fed by force’, the New York Times, 28 January 1917.

30. ‘Mrs. Byrne pardoned; Pledged to obey law’, the New York Times, 2 February 1917.

31. Margaret H. Sanger, Family Limitation, p. 3.

32 See Lesley Hall, ‘«The subject is obscene: No lady would dream of alluding to it»: Marie Stopes and her courtroom dramas’, Women’s History Review, 22(2) (2013), p. 257.

33. Marie Carmichael Stopes, Married Love, or Love in Marriage (The Critic and Guide Company, 1918), p. xiii.

34. Ibid., pp. 89–90.

35. Rubber Vault Cap, 1915–1925, http://broughttolife.sciencemu-seum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=92331.

36. Marie Carmichael Stopes, Radiant Motherhood: A Book for Those Who Are Creating the Future (G. P. Putnam and Sons and The Musson Book Company, 1918), p. 212.

37. Margaret H. Sanger, ‘Birth control and racial betterment’, The Birth Control Review, February 1919. The Public Writings and Speeches of Margaret Sanger, https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedi-tion/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=143449.xml.

38. W. E. DuBois, ‘Black folk and birth control’, The Birth Control Review, June 1932, https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/pageturn/mums312-b208-i052/#page/1/mode/1up.

39. See ‘The Supreme Court and the sterilization of Carrie Buck’, Facing History and Ourselves, https://www.facinghistory.org/re-source-library/supreme-court-and-sterilization-carrie-buck.

40. See ‘The Sanger-Hitler equation’, newsletter no.32 (Winter 2002– 3) The Margaret Sanger Papers Project, New York University, https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/articles/sanger-hitler_equation.php.

41. Margaret H. Sanger, ‘My way to peace’ (17 January 1932), The Public Writings and Speeches of Margaret Sanger, https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sanger-Doc=129037.xml.

Глава 11. СИЯНИЕ ЖЕНСТВЕННОСТИ

1. В своей первой книге ‘The Evolution of Woman’ (G. P. Putnam and Sons), Элиза Бёрт Гэмбл раскритиковала дарвинистские представления о половых различиях. Она заявила, что патриархальное общество, а не факторы эволюции, заставило женщин взять на себя второсортные роли и занять низшее социальное положение. В 1885 году Элиза Бёрт Гэмбл написала книгу, названную Chicago Tribune «гениальным заявлением о превосходстве и господстве женского пола», после года изучения эволюционной и антропологической теории в библиотеке Конгресса США в Вашингтоне. Третья книга под названием ‘The Sexes in Science and History’ стала перепроверкой ее исследования, проведенного для ‘The Evolution of Woman’. ‘The evolution of Eliza Burt Gamble: Her life, works and infl uence’, Women in Science, Michigan State University Archives, http://womeninscience.history.msu.edu/Biography/C-4A-2/elizaburt-gamble/

2. Eliza