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Супервулканы. Неожиданная правда о самых загадочных геологических образованиях Вселенной - Робин Джордж Эндрюс

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Stealthy, and It Killed Yellowstone Trees and Turned Soil Pale // New York Times (April 12, 2019). URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/science/yellowstone-volcano-warm-spot.html.

7. Farrell J. et al. Tomography from 26Years of Seismicity Revealing That the Spatial Extent of the Yellowstone Crustal Magma Reservoir Extends Well Beyond the Yellowstone Caldera // Geophysical Research Letters 41, 9 (2014). doi: 10.1002/2014GL059588.

8. Huang H-H. et al. The Yellowstone Magmatic System from the Mantle Plume to the Upper Crust // Science 348, 6236 (2015). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa5648.

9. Wells R. et al. Geologic History of Siletzia, a Large Igneous Province in the Oregon and Washington Coast Range: Correlation to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale and Implications for a Long-Lived Yellowstone Hotspot // Geosphere 10, 4 (2014). doi: 10.1130/GES01018.1.

10. Kasbohm J. & Schoene B. Rapid Eruption of the Columbia River Flood Basalt and Correlation with the Mid-Miocene Climate Optimum // Science Advances 4, 9 (2018). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat8223.

11. Castor S. B. & Henry C. D. Lithium-Rich Claystone in the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada, USA: Geologic, Mineralogical, and Geochemical Characteristics and Possible Origin // Minerals 10, 1 (2020). doi: 10.3390/min10010068.

12. Henry C.D. et al. Geology and Evolution of the McDermitt Caldera, Northern Nevada and Southeastern Oregon, Western USA // Geosphere 13, 4 (2017). doi: 10.1130/GES01454.1.

13. Knott T. R. et al. Discovery of Two New Super-eruptions from the Yellowstone Hotspot Track (USA): Is the Yellowstone Hotspot Waning? // Geology 48, 9 (2020). doi: 10.1130/G47384.1.

14. Smith R. B. et al. Geodynamics of the Yellowstone Hotspot and Mantle Plume: Seismic and GPS Imaging, Kinematics, and Mantle Flow // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 188, 1–3 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.

15. Boyd F. R. Welded Tuffs and Flows in the Rhyolite Plateau of Yellowstone Park, Wyoming // GSA Bulletin 72, 3 (1961). doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[387:WTAFIT] 2.0.CO;2.

16. Wallenstein N. et al. Origin of the Term Nuées Ardentes and the 1580 and 1808 Eruptions on São Jorge Island, Azores // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 358 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.03.022.

17. Andrews Robin George. Volcanic ‘Avalanches’ Glide on Air, Boosting Their Deadly Speed // National Geographic (April 8, 2019). URL: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/volcanic-avalanches-pyroclastic-flows-glide-on-air-boosting-deadly-speed/.

18. USGS. How Do We Know about the Calderas in Yellowstone? (Blog post) URL: https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/how-do-we-know-about-calderas-yellowstone.

19. Christiansen R. L. & col1_2 (1972) Volcanic Stratigraphy of the Quaternary Rhyolite Plateau in Yellowstone National Park. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 729-B. doi: 10.3133/pp729B.

20. Christiansen R. L. (2001) The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 729-G. URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp729g/.

21. Myers M. L. et al. Prolonged Ascent and Episodic Venting of Discrete Magma Batches at the Onset of the Huckleberry Ridge Supereruption, Yellowstone // Earth and Planetary Science Letters 451 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.023.

22. Swallow E. J. et al. The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, Yellowstone: Evacuation of Multiple Magmatic Systems in a Complex Episodic Eruption // Journal of Petrology 60, 7 (2019). doi: 10.1093/petrology/egz034.

23. USGS. (2019) A Personal Commentary: Why I Dislike the Term ‘Supervolcano’ (and What We Should Be Saying Instead). [Blog post] URL: https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/a-personal-commentary-why-i-dislike-term-supervolcano-and-what-we-should-be-saying.

24. Newhall C. G. & Self S. The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) an Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism // JGR Oceans 87, C2 (1982). doi: 10.1029/JC087iC02p01231.

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27. Cooper Tracey. When Will the Next Big Eruption Happen? // Stuff.co.nz (November 14, 2009). URL: http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3062442/When-will-the-next-big-eruption-happen.

28. Mastin L. G., Van Eaton A.R. & Lowenstern J. B. Modeling Ash Fall Distribution from a Yellowstone Supereruption // Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15, 8 (2014). doi: 10.1002/2014GC005469.

29. Grzelewski Derek. The Power of Taupo // NZ Geo (November – December 2009). URL: https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-power-of-taupo/.

30. Global Volcanism Program. Toba. [Factbox] URL: https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=261090.

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32. Global Volcanism Program. Yellowstone. [Factbox] URL: https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=325010.

33. Kettley Sebastian. Yellowstone Volcano Eruption Warning: Hundreds of Bison Dead as Fears of Mega Blast Grow // Daily Express (April 5, 2018) URL: https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/941485/Yellowstone-volcano-eruption-bison-cull.

34. Ewert J. W., Diefenbach A. & Ramsey D. W. (2018) 2018 Update to the U. S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Assessment. U. S. Geological Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5140. doi: 10.3133/sir20185140.

35. National Park Service. Bear-Inflicted Human Injuries and Fatalities in Yellowstone. [Factbox] URL: https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/injuries.htm.

36. Jackson Amanda. A Woman Suffers Burns After Illegally Entering Yellowstone National Park, Park Officials Say // CNN (May 13, 2020). URL: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/12/us/woman-burned-fell-yellowstone-trnd/index.html.

37. Guarino Ben. Man Who Dissolved in Boiling Yellowstone Hot Spring Slipped While Checking Temperature to Take Bath // Washington Post (November 17, 2016). URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/17/man-who-dissolved-in-boiling-yellowstone-hot-spring-slipped-while-checking-temperature-to-take-bath/.

38. Andrews Robin George. Why the New Zealand Volcano Eruption Caught the World by Surprise // National Geographic (December 9, 2019). URL: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/why-new-zealand-volcano-eruption-caught-world-by-surprise-white-island-whakaari/.

39. USGS. Hydrothermal Explosions. [Blog post] URL: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/hydrothermal-explosions.

40. USGS. (2019) 60 Years Since the 1959 M7.3 Hebgen Lake Earthquake: Its History and Effects on the Yellowstone Region. [Blog post] URL: https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/60-years-1959-m73-hebgen-lake-earthquake-its-history-and-effects-yellowstone-region.

41. Deligne N. I. et al. Investigating the Consequences of Urban Volcanism Using a Scenario Approach I: Development and Application of a Hypothetical Eruption in the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 336 (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.02.023.

42. Blake D. M. et al. Investigating the Consequences of Urban Volcanism Using a Scenario Approach II: Insights into Transportation Network Damage and Functionality // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 340 (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.04.010.

43. Robock A. et al. Did the Toba Volcanic Eruption of ~74k BP Produce Widespread Glaciation? // JGR Atmospheres 114, D10 (2009). doi: 10.1029/2008JD011652.

44. Greshko Michael. These Ancient Humans Survived a Supervolcano // National Geographic (March 12, 2018). URL: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/toba-supervolcano-eruption-humans-south-africa-science/.

45. Petraglia M. et al. Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption // Science 317, 5834 (2007). doi: 10.1126/science.1141564.

46. Timmreck C. et al. Aerosol Size Confines Climate Response to Volcanic Supereruptions // Geophysical Research Letters 37, 24 (2010). doi: 10.1029/2010GL045464.

47. Lane C. S., Chorn B. T. & Johnson T.C. Ash from the Toba Supereruption inLake Malawi Shows No Volcanic Winter in East Africa at 75 ka // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110, 20 (2013). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301474110.

48. Clarkson C. et al. Human Occupation of Northern India Spans the Toba Supereruption ~74,000 Years Ago // Nature Communications 11 (2020). doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14668-4.

49. Wilson C. J.N. et al. The 26.5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body // Journal of Petrology 47, 1 (2006). doi: 10.1093/petrology/egi066.

3. Гигантская чернильница

1. Klemetti Erik. Strangest Magma on Earth: Carbonatites of Ol Doinyo Lengai // Wired (March 11, 2014). URL: https://www.wired.com/2014/03/strangest-magma-earth-carbonatites-oldoinyo-lengai/.

2. Dawson J. B., Keller J. & Nyamweru C. Historic and Recent Eruptive Activity of Oldoinyo Lengai // In: Bell, K. &

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