Сила доброты. Как с помощью эмпатии менять мир к лучшему - Джамиль Заки

class="p1">Elizabeth Dunn et al., “Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness,” Science 319, no. 5870 (2008): 1687–88; Cassie Mogilner et al., “Giving Time Gives You Time,” Psychological Science 23, no. 10 (2012): 1233–38; and Peggy A. Thoits and Lyndi N. Hewitt, “Volunteer Work and Well-Being,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42, no. 2 (2001): 115–31.

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Sylvia A. Morelli et al., “Emotional and Instrumental Support Provision Interact to Predict Well-Being,” Emotion 15, no. 4 (2015): 484–93; and Sylvia A. Morelli et al., “Neural Sensitivity to Personal and Vicarious Reward Differentially Relate to Prosociality and Well-Being,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 13, no. 8 (2018): 831–39.

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Bruce P. Doré et al., “Helping Others Regulate Emotion Predicts Increased Regulation of One’s Own Emotions and Decreased Symptoms of Depression,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 5 (2017): 729–39.

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По состоянию на 2020 год сервис перепрофилирован и в описанном виде уже не существует. Прим. ред.

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Алгоритмы Koko учатся вычислять оскорбления по сообщениям троллей. Они сами предоставляют средства для борьбы с ними!

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Terry Brighton, Patton, Montgomery, Rommel: Masters of War (New York: Crown, 2009).

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Walter Mischel, The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control (New York: Little, Brown, 2014).

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Celeste Kidd et al., “Rational Snacking: Young Children’s Decision-Making on the Marshmallow Task Is Moderated by Beliefs About Environmental Reliability,” Cognition 126, no. 1 (2013): 109–14.

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Richard L. Revesz and Matthew R. Shahabian, “Climate Change and Future Generations,” Southern California Law Review 84 (2010): 1097–161.

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Nick Bostrom, “Existential Risk Prevention as a Global Priority,” Global Policy 4, no. 1 (2013): 15–31.

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Peter Singer, “The Logic of Effective Altruism,” Boston Review, July 6, 2015.

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Bloom, Against Empathy, 112.

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David DeSteno et al., “Gratitude: A Tool for Reducing Economic Impatience,” Psychological Science 25, no. 6 (2014): 1262–67.

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Kimberly A. Wade-Benzoni, “A Golden Rule over Time: Reciprocity in Intergenerational Allocation Decisions,” Academy of Management Journal 45, no. 5 (2002): 1011–28.

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Jennifer E. Stellar et al., “Self-Transcendent Emotions and Their Social Functions: Compassion, Gratitude, and Awe Bind Us to Others Through Prosociality,” Emotion Review 9, no. 3 (2017): 200–207.

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Michelle N. Shiota et al., “The Nature of Awe: Elicitors, Appraisals, and Effects on Self-Concept,” Cognition and Emotion 21, no. 5 (2007): 944–63; and Paul K. Piff et al., “Awe, the Small Self, and Prosocial Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 6 (2015): 883–99.

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Lena Frischlich et al., “Dying the Right-Way? Interest in and Perceived Persuasiveness of Parochial Extremist Propaganda Increases After Mortality Salience,” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015): 1222.

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Думая о том, что останется после них, люди становятся добрее к будущим поколениям. Kimberly A. Wade-Benzoni et al., “It’s Only a Matter of Time: Death, Legacies, and Intergenerational Decisions,” Psychological Science 23, no. 7 (2012): 704–9; and Lisa Zaval et al., “How Will I Be Remembered? Conserving the Environment for the Sake of One’s Legacy,” Psychological Science 26, no. 2 (2015): 231–36.

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Lauren Wispe, “The Distinction Between Sympathy and Empathy: To Call Forth a Concept, a Word Is Needed,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 2 (1986): 314–21; and Jamil Zaki, “Moving Beyond Stereotypes of Empathy,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21, no. 2 (2016): 59–60.

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Это не означает, что термин «эмпатия» слишком расплывчатый и потому бесполезный. Когда вы вспоминаете свой первый поцелуй, год нападения на Пёрл-Харбор или в субботу, задумавшись, автоматически приезжаете на работу, — вы переживаете три разных состояния памяти. Аналогично эмпатия вмещает в себя все варианты реакции на эмоции окружающих.

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Mark Davis, Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); Simon Baron-Cohen and Sally Wheelwright, “The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34, no. 2 (2004): 163–75; and Christian Keysers and Valeria Gazzola, “Integrating Simulation and Theory of Mind: From Self to Social Cognition,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11, no. 5 (2007): 194–96.

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Обзор опыта и ментализации в контексте эволюции, развития, когнитивных способностей и нейробиологии см. Jamil Zaki and Kevin N. Ochsner, “Empathy,” in Handbook of Emotion, ed. Lisa Feldman Barrett et al., 4th ed. (New York: Guilford, 2016). Термин Einfühlung, который придумал немецкий теоретик искусства, а к эмпатии применил Эдвард Титченер, пересекается с современным определением обмена опытом.

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Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002; first published in 1790).

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Alison Gopnik and Henry Wellman, “Why the Child’s Theory of Mind Really Is a Theory,” Mind and Language 7, nos. 1–2 (1992): 145–71; Chris L. Baker et al., “Rational Quantitative Attribution of Beliefs, Desires and Percepts in Human Mentalizing,” Nature Human Behavior 1, no. 64 (2017); and Bill Ickes, Everyday Mind Reading (New York: Perseus Press, 2003).

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См., например, Tania Singer and Olga M. Klimecki, “Empathy and Compassion,” Current Biology 24, no. 18 (2014): R875–78.

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Примеры ошибочного предположения о сходстве между собой и окружающими см. Nicholas Epley et al., “Perspective Taking as Egocentric Anchoring and Adjustment,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87, no. 3 (2004): 327–39; Thomas Gilovich et al., “The Spotlight Effect in Social Judgment: An Egocentric Bias in Estimates of the Salience of One’s Own Actions and