Цивилизации - Фелипе Фернандес-Арместо

483

J. R. Harlan, Crops and Man (Madison, 1992), p. 27.

484

M. N. Cohen, The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture (New Haven, 1977); E. Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: the Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure (London, 1965); D. R. Harris, ‘Alternative Pathways toward Agriculture’, в книге С. A. Reed, ed., Origins of Agriculture (The Hague, 1977), pp. 179–243. См. также A. B. Gebauer and T. D. Price, eds, Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory (Madison, 1992), особенно таблица сопоставления конкурирующих теорий на р. 2.

485

В. Bronson, ‘The Earliest Farming: Demography as Cause and Consequence’ в книге S. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology and Social Evolution (The Hague, 1975).

486

См. например R. Kuttner, Everything for Sale: the Virtues and Limitations of Markets (Chicago, 1999); E. Luttwak, Turbo Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy (London, 1998).

487

Harlan, op. cit., pp. 35–36.

488

Собрано много доказательств тому, хотя и с другой перспективы, в В. Hayden, ‘Pathways to Power: Priciples for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities’ в книге T. D. Price and G. M. Feinman, eds, Foundations of Social Inequality (New York, 1995), pp. 15–86.

489

См. А. В. Gebauer and Т. D. Price, ‘Foragers to Farmers: an Introduction’, в книге Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory (op. cit.), pp. 1-10.

490

A. J. Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution (London, 1975) особенно вклад E. J. Hobsbawm и E. P. Thompson, cm. pp. 58–92 и 124–153; F. Fernandez-Armesto, Barcelona: a Thousand Years of the City's Past (Oxford, 1992), pp. 173–174.

491

F. Fernandez-Armesto, The Times Illustrated History of Europe (London, 1995), pp. 145–146.

492

B. J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization (London, 1989), p. 12.

493

Иер 12:5,49:19.

494

К. M. Kenyon, Digging Up Jericho (London, 1957), p. 29.

495

Ibid., pp. 54–55.

496

J. Bartlett, Jericho (Grand Rapids, 1982), pp. 16, 42, 44.

497

Kenyon, op. cit., p. 72.

498

Bartlett, op. cit., pp. 40–42.

499

J. Mellaart, ‘Qatal Huyuk: a Neolithic Town in Anatolia’ в книге M. Wheeler, ed., New Aspects of Archaeology (New York, 1967).

500

I. Hodder, ed., On the Surface: Qatal Hiiyiik 1993–1995 (Cambridge, 1996).

501

T. F. Lynch, ed., Guitarrero Cave: Early Man in the Andes (New York, 1980); см. B. Smith, ‘The Origins of Agriculture in the Americas’, Evolutionary Anthropology, iii (1995).

502

Harlan, op. cit., p. 19.

503

C. F. Gorman, ‘Excavations at Spirit Cave, North Thailand: Some Interim Interpretations’, Asian Perspectives, xiii (1970), pp. 197–207; J. C. White, Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age: Ban Chiang (Philadelphia, 1982), pp. 13

504

Fernandez-Armesto, op. cit., pp. 12–13.

505

C. Renfrew, ‘Carbon-14 and the Prehistory of Europe’, Scientific American, 225.4 (1971), pp. 63–72; Problems in European Prehistory (London, 1979); Before Civilisation (London, 1973).

506

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), p. 312; см. выше, pp. 279, 305, 335.

507

W. Meacham in D. N. Keightley, ed., The Origins of Chinese Civilization (Berkeley, 1983), p. 169.

508

См. J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954 — in progress), vol. iv, part III (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 540–553.

509

G. Brotherston, The Book of the Fourth World: Reading the Native Americas through their Literatures (Cambridge, 1992); J. Derrida, De la grammatologie (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 88-136.

510

J. Hawkes, The First Great Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt (London, 1973), pp. 11, 21, 264–267, 325–342.

511

J. B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East: an Anthology of Texts and Pictures (Princeton, 1958), p. 244.

512

Ibid., p. 68.

513

Ibid., p. 251.

514

Frankfort, op. cit.

515

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 69.

516

G. Pettinato, Ebla: a New Look at History (Baltimore, 1991), pp. 88, 107; The Archives of Ebla (New York, 1981), pp. 156–180.

517

H. Saggs, The Greatness that was Babylon (London, 1988), pp. 124–127.

518

D. J. Wiseman, Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon (London, 1985).

519

I. L. Finkel, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon’, в книге P. Clayton and M. Price, eds, The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (London, 1989), pp. 38–58.

520

M. W. Helms, Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade and Power (Austin, 1993), pp. 93-170.

521

E. Naville, The Temple of Deir el Bahari (London, 1894), plates 47–61.

522

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Columbus (London, 1996), p. 87.

523

E. Naville, op. cit., pp. 21–25; M. Liverani, Prestige and Interest: International Relations in the Near East c. 1600–1100 BC (Padua, 1990), pp. 240–244.

524

Kemp, op. cit, pp. 120–128.

525

Ibid., pp. 195, 237.

526

J. B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East: Supplementary Texts and Pictures Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 26.

527

Ibid., p. 24.

528

Ibid., p. 254.

529

Kemp, op. cit., p. 195.

530

К. W. Butzner, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: a Study in Cultural Ecology (Chicago, 1976), p. 27.

531

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 229.

532

Ibid., p. 7.

533

Plato, Timaeus, 22E.

534

Kemp, op. cit., pp. 218–221.

535

Ibid., pp. 253–254.

536

H. S. Smith et al., eds, Ancient Centres of Egyptian Civilization (Windsor Forest, n.d.), p. 18.

537

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 2.59.

538

Butzner, op. cit., p. 9.

539

Ibid., p. 21.

540

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 409.

541

II, 35.

542

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 186; R. Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC (Princeton, 1993), pp. 19–21.

543

II, 126.

544

I. E. S. Edwards, The Great Pyramids of Egypt (London, 1993), p. 251.

545

P. Hodges, How the Pyramids Were Built (Shaftesbury, 1989).

546

Edwards, op. cit., pp. 245–292.

547

Этот текст повторяет F. Fernandez-Armesto, Truth; a History (London, 1997), pp. 132–137.

548

Tanizaki Junichuro, In Praise of Shadows (tr. T.J. Harper and E.G. Seidensticker (London, 1991), p. 21–22).

549

С. Masson, A Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab, 3 vols (London, 1842), vol. i, p. 453. Cm. G. Whitteridge, Charles Masson of Afghanistan: Explorer, Archaeologist, Numismatist and Intelligence Agent (Warminster, 1986).

550

Относительно местонахождения Сангалы см. А. В. Bosworth, A Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander, 2 vols (Oxford, 1995), vol. ii, pp. 327, 331.

551

G. L. Posspehl, ‘Discovering India’s Earliest Cities’ в книге G. L. Posspehl, ed., Harappan Civilisation: a Contemporary Perspective (New Delhi, 1982), pp. 405–413.

552

В. and R. Allchin, The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (Cambridge, 1982), p. 166.

553

Ibid., pp. 133–138, 167.

554

Vishnu-Mittre and R. Savithri, ‘Food Economy of the Harappans в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 205–221.

555

K. A. R. Kennedy, ‘Skulls, Aryans and Flowing Drains: the Interface of Archaeology and Skeletal Biology in the Study of the Harappan Civilization’, в книге ibid., pp. 289–295.

556

A. Parpola, Deciphering the Indus Script (Cambridge, 1994). Эта работа представляет стадию длительного процесса расшифровки методом проб и ошибок; если предположение Парполы — о том, что люди Хараппы говорили на одном из дравидских языков, — не выдержит проверки, это не будет означать, что недействителен метод.

557

Allchin and Allchin, op. cit., pp. 210–216.

558

Kennedy, loc. cit., p. 291.

559

D. P. Agrawalk and R. K. Sood, ‘Ecological Factors and the Harappan Civilization’, в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 223–229.

560

Ibid., p. 18.

561

Kennedy, loc. cit., p. 292.

562

Жаргон, составленный из элементов многих средиземно-морских языков, средство общения моряков и контрабандистов.

563

C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language (London, 1987). Я вторю F. Fernandez-Armesto, The Times Illustrated History of Europe (London, 1995), pp. 13–14. Защита традиционной позиции J. P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans (1989) слишком ясно демонстрирует отсутствие археологических доказательств существования индоевропейцев и их миграций. См. также Е. Leach, ‘Aryan Invasions over Four Millennia’ в книге E. Ohnuki-Tierney, ed., Culture Through Time: Anthropological Approaches (Stanford, 1990), pp. 227–245.

564

Rig Veda, 6.70.

565

Ibid., 1.32.

566

Vishnu-Mittre, ‘The Harappan Civilization and the Need for a New Approach’ в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 31–39, особ, p. 37.

567

Allchin and Allchin, op. cit., p. 308.

568

М. K. Dhavalikar, ‘Daimabad Bronzes’ в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 361–366. Я еще не имел возможности подтвердить предположение В. М. Pande, ibid., p. 398, что знаки письма Инда найдены в том же поселении.