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J. and K. Imbrie, Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery (Short Hills, NJ), 1979; A. Berger, Milankovitch and Climate (Dordrecht, 1986).

121

M. Jochim, ‘Late Pleistocene Refugia in Europe’, в книге О. Soffer, ed., The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives (New York, 1987), pp. 317–331.

122

В. V. Eriksen, ‘Resource Exploitation, Susistence Strategies, and Adaptiveness in Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Northwest Europe’, в книге L. G. Straus et al., eds, Humans at the End of the Ice Age: the Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition (New York, 1996), p. 119.

123

N. Benecke, ‘Studies on Early Dog Remains from Northern Europe’, Journal of Archaeological Science, xiv (1987), pp. 31–49.

124

L. Straus, ‘Les Derniers chasseurs de rennes du monde pyre-пёеп: l’abri Dufaure: un gisement tardiglaciaire en Gascogne’, Memoires de la Societe Prehistorique Franqaise, xxii (1995); конечно, не следует предполагать, что северные олени во всех регионах играли принципиально важную роль. См. Eriksen, loc. cit., р. 115.

125

J. Turi, TurVs Book of Lappland (New York, 1910), p. 22.

126

Bosi, op. cit., p. 158.

127

Soffer, op. cit., pp. 333–348.

128

Jackson, op. cit., p. 71.

129

G. Eriksson, ‘Darwinism and Sami Legislation’ в книге В. Jah-reskog, ed., The Sami National Minority in Sweden (Stockholm, 1982), pp. 89-101.

130

Op. cit., p. 54.

131

Bosi, op. cit., p. 53.

132

L. Forsberg, ‘Economic and Social Change in the Interior of Northern Sweden 6,000 BC-1000 AD’ в книге Т. В. Larson and H. Lundmark, eds, Approaches to Swedish Prehistory: a Spectrum of Problems and Perspectives in Contemporary Research (Oxford, 1989), pp. 75–77.

133

Donner, op. cit., p. 104.

134

A. Spencer, The Lapps (New York, 1978), pp. 43–59.

135

P. Hajdo, The Samoyed Peoples and Languages (Bloomington, 1963), p. 10.

136

Ibid., p. 13.

137

Donner, op. cit., p. 106.

138

Olaus Magnus, op. cit., p. 63.

139

Ibid., p. 222.

140

Ibid., pp. 20, 22, 19, 46–48, 50–53.

141

Ibid., pp. 18, 194.

142

Hajd0, op. cit., p. 35.

143

D. B. Quinn et al., eds, New American World, 5 vols (London, 1979), vol. iv, pp. 209, 211, 240. Я благодарен профессору Джойсу Чаплину, указавшему мне этот текст.

144

В. G. Trigger and W. Е. Washburn, eds, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, vol. i, part I (Cambridge, 1996), p. 134.

145

D. R. Yesner, ‘Human Adaptation at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary (circa 13,000 to 8,000 BP) in Eastern Beringia’, в книге Straus et al., eds., op. cit., pp. 255–276.

146

Ross, op. cit., p. 245.

147

M. S. Maxwell, ‘Pre-Dorset and Dorset Prehistory of Canada’, в книге D. Damas, ed., Handbook of North American Indians (Washington, 1984), p. 362.

148

R. G. Condon et al., The Northern Copper Inuit: a History (Norman, Oklahoma, 1996), p. 64.

149

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), pp. 257–258, 311–313.

150

Ross, op. cit., p. 186.

151

D. E. Dumond, The Eskimos and Aleuts (London, 1987), pp. 139–141.

152

J. Bockstoce, Arctic Passages (New York, 1991), pp. 18–19, 32.

153

Ibid., pp. 41, 47–48.

154

A. Fienup-Riordan, Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup’ik Eskimo Oral Tradition (Norman, Oklahoma, 1994), pp. 266–298.

155

The Private Journal ofG.F. Lyon (London, 1824), p. 330.

156

Dumond, op. cit., p. 142.

157

Op. cit., p. 257.

158

Adam of Bremen, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, ed. P. J. Tschan (New York, 1959), p. 218.

159

K. Seaver, The Frozen Echo; Greenland and the Exploration of North America, c. A.D. 1000–1500 (Stanford, 1996), p. 95.

160

Ibid., pp. 21, 48,50–51.

161

Seaver, op. cit., p. 104.

162

Ibid., pp. 190–194.

163

Ibid., pp. 174–175.

164

T. McGovern, ‘Economics of Extinction in Norse Greenland’, в книге Т. M. Wrigley, М. J. Ingram and G. Farmer, eds., Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and their Impact on Man (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 404–434.

165

R. Vaughan, The Arctic: a History (Stroud, 1994), p. 2.40.

166

Columella, De Agricultura (2–3).

167

E. Wagner, Gravity: Stories (London, 1997), p. 204.

168

Ibid., pp. 197–231.

169

R. Venturi, D. Scott Brown and S. Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas: the Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form (Cambridge, Mass, and London, 1997), pp. 9-72.

170

Стрип, полоса — двухмильное продолжение главной улицы города, на котором расположены многочисленные отели.

171

У себя; на своем месте (фр.).

172

J. W. Elmore, et al., eds, A Guide to the Architecture of Metro Phoenix (Phoenix, 1983).

173

V. L. Scarborough and D. R. Wilcox, eds, The Mesoamerican Ball Game (Tucson, 1991).

174

B. G. Trigger and W. E. Washburn, eds, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of North America, vol. i, part I (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 203–233. См. также S. Lekson et al., Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (Albuquerque, 1984).

175

The Desert Smells like Rain: a Naturalist in Papago Indian Country (San Francisco, 1982); Enduring Seeds: Native American Agriculture and Wild Plant Conservation (San Francisco, 1989).

176

G. Bawden, The Moche (Oxford, 1996), pp. 44–67.

177

Ibid., pp. 110-22.

178

S. G. Pozorski, ‘Subsistence Systems in the Chimu State’, в книге Moseley and Keen, eds, Chan Chan (Albuquerque, 1982), pp. 182–183.

179

М. E. Moseley and Е. Deeds, The Land in Front of Chan Chan’ в книге М. E. Moseley and К. C. Day, eds, op. cit., p. 48.

180

J. Reinhard, The Nazca Lines: a New Perspective on their Origin and Meaning (Lima, 1985); W. J. Conklin and М. E. Moseley, The Patterns of Art and Power in the Early Intermediate Period’ в книге R. W. Keatinge, ed., Peruvian Prehistory: an Overview of Pre-lnca and Inca Society (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 157–158.

181

Herodotus, Histories, IV, p. 183.

182

С. M. Daniels, The Garamantes of Southern Libya (Michigan, 1988).

183

J. Wellard, Lost Worlds of Africa (New York, 1967), pp. 17–25.

184

Ibid., p. 44.

185

М. C. Chamla, Les Populations anciennes du Sahara et des regions limitrophes (Paris, 1968), pp. 200–210.

186

J. Nicolaisen, Economy and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg (Copenhagen, 1963), pp. 209–216.

187

Leo Africanus, отрывки в M. Brett and E. Fentress, The Berbers (Oxford, 1996), p. 201.

188

J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1956 — in progress), vol. iv, part I (1962), pp. 330–332; part III (1971), pp. 651–656; part VII (1986), pp. 568–579; W. H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 24–62.

189

H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham, eds, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354, vol. iv (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1994), pp. 946–950.

190

R. Latham, ed., The Travels of Marco Polo (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 39.

191

A. Stein, Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, 2 vols (London, 1912), vol. ii, p. 404.

192

Ibid., p. 85.

193

Stein, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 321; A. von Le Coq, Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan (New York, 1929), p. 36.

194

M. Ipsiroglu, Painting and Culture of the Mongols (London, 1967), pp. 70–81, 102–104.

195

H. Yule, ed., Cathay and the Way Thither, 2nd ed., 4 vols (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1914-16), vol. iii (1914), pp. Мб-152.

196

Ibid., p. 154.

197

J. Grosjean, Mapamundi: the Catalan Atlas of the Year 1375 (Geneva, 1978).

198

O. Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (Boston, 1929), p. 50.

199

Ibid., p. 54; von Le Coq, op. cit., p. 66.

200

Von Le Coq, op. cit., pp. 25–26.

201

Stein, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 23.

202

Ibid., p. 172.

203

V. H. Mair, ‘Dunhuang as a Funnel for Central Asian Nomads into China’ в книге G. Seaman, ed., Ecology and Empire: Nomads in the Cultural Evolution of the Old World (Los Angeles, 1989), pp. 143–163.

204

Lattimore, op. cit., p. 91.

205

Ibid., p. 88.

206

Ibid., p. 183.

207

Ibid., p. 219.

208

R. Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia (New Brunswick, 1970), pp. 538–539; F. Fernandez-Ar-mesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), p. 261.

209

Lattimore, op. cit., p. 274.

210

Yule, op. cit., vol. iii.

211

L. Marshall, The IKung of Nyae Nyae (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), p. 39.

212

E. Lucas Bridges, Uttermost Part of the Earth (New York, 1949), я использовал сравнение с Тьерра-дель-Фуэго.

213

R. J. Gordon, Picturing Bushmen: the Denver Expedition of 1925 (Athens, Ohio, 1997), pp. 16, 29, 84.

214

G. A. Farini, Through the Kalahari Desert: a Narrative of a Journey with Gun, Camera and Notebook to Lake N’Gami and Back (New York, 1886), p. 269.