Конца света не будет. Почему экологический алармизм причиняет нам вред - Майкл Шелленбергер
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IAEA, Power Reactor Information System [PRIS], IAEA, accessed January 31, 2020, https://www.iaea.org/resources/databases/power-reactor-information-system-pris. Prior to 1979, average construction time was 5.8 years in the U.S., and 6.7 years in France. Reactor constructions after 1979 took on average 12.5 years and 14 years, respectively.
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Gerry Thomas (professor of clinical pathology at Imperial College, London, and founder of the Chernobyl Tissue Bank) in discussion with the author, July 31, 2017.
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United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. II (New York: United Nations, 2011), 149, https://www.unscear.org/unscear/publications.html.
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“Evaluation of Data on Thyroid Cancer in Regions Affected by the Chernobyl Accident,” United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, https://www.unscear.org/unscear/publications.html, v.
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Elisabeth Cardis and Maureen Hatch, “The Chernobyl Accident – an Epidemiological Perspective,” Clinical Oncology 23, no. 4 (May 2011): 251–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2011.01.510.
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Chernobyl, episode 1, “1:23:45,” directed by Johan Renck, HBO, May 6, 2019.
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“Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident: An Overview,” World Health Organization, April 2006, https://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/backgrounder/en.
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“Fact Sheet: Biological Effects of Radiation,” Office of Public Affairs, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2003, http://akorn.com/documents/pentatate/about_radiation/02_Fact_Sheet_on_Biological_Effects_of_Radiation_NRC.pdf.
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Kate Larsen, “PG&E Receives Maximum Sentence for 2010 San Bruno Explosion,” ABC 7 News, January 26, 2017, https://abc7news.com.
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Laura Smith, “The deadliest structural failure in history killed 170,000–and China tried to cover it up,” Timeline, August 2, 2017, https://timeline.com. Justin Higginbottom, “230,000 Died in a Dam Collapse That China Kept Secret for Years,” Ozy, February 17, 2019, https://www.ozy.com.
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“Pedestrian Safety: A Road Safety Manual for Decision-Makers and Practitioners,” United Nations Road Safety Collaboration, https://www.who.int/roadsafety/projects/manuals/pedestrian. “World Statistic,” International Labour Organization, https://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/occupational-safety-and-health/WCMS_249278/lang – en/index.htm. “Ambient Air Pollution: Health Impacts,” World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts. “Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018,” World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018.
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Jemin Desai et al., “Nuclear Deaths,” Environmental Progress, February 2020, https://environmentalprogress.org/nuclear-deaths.
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Vaclav Smil, Power Density: A Key to Understanding Energy Sources and Uses (New York: The MIT Press, 2015), 149.
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“Ambient (outdoor) air pollution,” World Health Organization, May 2, 2018, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health.
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Anil Markandya and Paul Wilkinson, “Electricity Generation and Health,” Lancet 370, no. 9591 (2007): 979–990, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61253-7.
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Pushker Kharecha, “Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power,” Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 9 (2013): 4889–4895, https://doi.org/10.1021/es3051197.
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Stephen Jarvis, Olivier Deschenes, and Akshaya Jha, “The Private and External Costs of Germany’s Nuclear Phase-Out” Working Paper 26598, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA, December 2019, https://doi.org/10.3386/w26598.
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“GDP (Current US$),” World Bank Group, accessed October 15, 2019, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD.
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Electricity price data for industrial and residential consumers are from Eurostat, 2019. France’s residential price for the first half of 2018 was $.1746 per KWh in comparison to Germany’s residential price of $.2987 per KWh. France’s industrial price for the first half of 2018 was $.1174 per KWh, in comparison to Germany’s, which was $.1967 per KWh. For a comparison of French and German carbon intensities of electricity, see Mark Nelson, “German Electricity Was Nearly 10 Times Dirtier than France’s in 2016,” Environmental Progress, http://environmentalprogress.org/big-news/2017/2/11/german-electricity-was-nearly-10-times-dirtier-than-frances-in-2016.
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Mark Nelson and Madison Czerwinski, “With Nuclear Instead of Renewables, California and Germany Would Already Have 100 % Clean Electricity,” Environmental Progress, September 11, 2018, http://environmentalprogress.org.
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Projected Costs of Generating Electricity, 2015 Edition, International Energy Agency, Nuclear Energy Agency, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2015, https://www.oecd-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2015/7057-proj-costs-electricity-2015.pdf. The cost of generating electricity is designated as the sum of operations and maintenance, fuel, waste, and carbon costs.
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Mark Nelson et al., “Power to Decarbonize,” Environmental Progress, 2017, last updated 2019, accessed October 24, 2019, http://environmentalprogress.org/the-complete-case-for-nuclear. Updated in 2019, in both cases using BP Energy Data for electricity production and Bloomberg New Energy Finance data for wind and solar investment volume.
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U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Disposal of High-Level Nuclear Waste,” GAO, accessed January 31, 2020, https://www.gao.gov/key_issues/disposal_of_highlevel_nuclear_waste/issue_summary.
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BP Energy Economics, “BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, 68th Edition,” BP, June 2019, accessed January 16, 2020, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. I consider nuclear, hydroelectricity, and renewables minus geothermal/biomass as zeroemission energy sources. In 1995, these consisted of 13 percent of the world’s primary energy consumption; in 2018, they were 15 percent.
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“Climate Change in Vermont: Emissions and Goals,” State of Vermont, https://climatechange.vermont.gov/climate-pollution-goals. “Title 10: Conservation and Development, Chapter 023, Air Pollution Control,” 10 V.S.A. § 578, passed 2005, amended 2007, Vermont General Assembly, https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/10/023/00578.
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Kristin Carlson, “Green Mountain Power Is First Utility to Help Customers Go Off-Grid with New Product Offering,” Green Mountain Power, December 20, 2016, https://greenmountainpower.com/news/green-mountain-power-first-utility-help-customers-go-off-grid-new-product-offering.
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“ACEEE 2018 State Energy Efficiency Scorecard,” American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, October 4, 2018, https://aceee.org/press/2018/10/aceee-2018-state-energy-efficiency.
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“Vermont Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Update: Brief, 1990–2015,” Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation Air Quality and Climate Division, June 2018, https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/aqc/climate-change/documents/_Vermont_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_Inventory_Update_1990-2015.pdf,3.
