Восхождение денег - Ниал Фергюсон

2 Сами Маркс и Энгельс рекомендовали не отмену денег, а “централизацию кредита в руках государства посредством национального банка с государственным капиталом и с исключительной монополией” (пункт 5 программы перехода от капитализма к коммунизму, изложенной в “Манифесте Коммунистической партии”).

3 Juan Forero, ‘Amazonian Tribe Suddenly Leaves Jungle Home’, 11//1006:http: //www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=244.

4 Clifford Smyth, Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Peru (Whitefish, Montana, 2007 [1931]).

5 Michael Wood, Conquistadors (London, 2001). P 128.

6 Желающим увидеть события со стороны самих конкистадоров следует ознакомиться с письмом Эрнандо Писарро за ноябрь 1533 года, из которого становится понятно, что главным мотивом эскпедиций было именно золото (Clements R. Markham (ed.), Reports on the Discovery of Peru (London, 1872). Pp. 113–127).

7 M. A. Burkholder, Colonial Latin America (2nd edn., Oxford, 1994). P. 46.

8 J. Hemming, Conquest of the Incas (London, 2004). P 77.

9 Ibid. P 355.

10 Wood, Conquistadors. Pp. 38, 148.

11 Hemming, Conquest. P 392.

12 P. Bakewell, A History of Latin America (2nd edn., Oxford, 2004). P. 186.

13 Hemming, Conquest. Pp. 356ff.

14 Cm.: Alexander Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 2002). Pp. 25–58.

15 См.: Thomas J. Sargent and Frangois R. Velde, The Big Problem of Small Change (Princeton, NJ, 2002).

16 Bakewell, History of Latin America. P 182.

17 Mauricio Drelichman and Hans-Joachim Voth, ‘Institutions and the Resource Curse in Early Modern Spain’, статья была представлена на конференции CIAR Institutions, Organizations, and Growth Program в Торонто в марте 2007 года.

18 Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englund, Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East (London, 1993).

19 Я благодарен сотруднику Британского музея доктору Джону Тейлору, который знает так много о клинописных табличках и терпеливо помогал мне в их расшифровке. Я также узнал много нового благодаря “виртуальному музею” Мартина Шубика из Йельского университета, расположенному по адресу http://www.museumof-money.orgfoabylon/.

20 Glyn Davies, A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Cardiff, 1994); Jonathan Williams, with Joe Cribb and Elizabeth Errington (eds.), Money: A History (London, 1997)

21 Cm.: Marc Van De Mieroop, Society and Enterprise in Old Babylonian Ur (Berlin, 1992) и очерки в Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop (eds.), Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East, vol. Ill (Bethesda, MD, 1998); Jack M. Sassoon, Gary Beckman and Karen S. Rubinson, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. Ill (London, 2000).

22 William N. Goetzmann, ‘Fibonacci and the Financial Revolution’, NBER Working Paper 10352 (3/2004).

23 John H. Munro, ‘The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability’, International History Review, 25, 3 (9/2003). Pp. 505–562.

24 Преимущества итальянских городов, поощрявших еврейские поселения, описаны у Maristella Botticini, ‘A Tale of “Benevolent” Governments: Private Credit Markets, Public Finance, and the Role of Jewish Lenders in Renaissance Italy’, Journal of Economic History, 60, 1 (3/2000). Pp. 164–189.

25 Frederic C. Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore, 1973). P 300.

26 Idem, ‘Venetian Bankers, 1496–1533: A Study in the Early Stages of Deposit Banking’, Journal of Political Economy, 45, 2 (4/1937). Pp. 187–206.

27 Benjamin С. I. Ravid, ‘The First Charter of the Jewish Merchants of Venice’, AJS Review, 1 (1976). Pp. 19off.

28 Idem, ‘The Legal Status of the Jewish Merchants of Venice, 1541–1638’, Journal of Economic History, 35,1 (March 1975). Pp. 274–279.

29 Rhiannon Edward, ‘Loan Shark Charged 11m per cent Interest’, Scotsman, 18/8/2006.

30 John Hale, The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance (London, 1993). P 83.

31 Gene A. Brucker, ‘The Medici in the Fourteenth Century’, Speculum, 32, 1 (1/1957). P 13.

32 John H. Munro, ‘The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability’, International History Review, 25, 3 (9/2003). Pp.. 505–562.

33 Richard A. Goldthwaite, ‘The Medici Bank and the World of Florentine Capitalism’, Past and Present, 114 (2/1987). Pp. 3-31. Об обстоятельствах, сопутствовавших успехам семьи Медичи см.: Raymond de Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494 (Cambridge, MA, 1963). Pp. 9-34.

34 Venetian State Archives, Mediceo Avanti Principato, MAP 133, 134, 153.

35 Franz-Josef Arlinghaus, ‘Bookkeeping, Double-entry Bookkeeping’, in Christopher Kleinhenz (ed.), Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, vol. 1 (New York, 2004). Впервые метод был описан в книге: Benedetto Cotrugli II lihro dell arte di mercatura, (1458).

36 Raymond de Roover, ‘The Medici Bank: Organization and Management’,/ошт^г/ of Economic History, 6, 1 (6/1946). Pp. 24–52.

37 Venetian State Archives, Archivio del Monte, Catasto of 1427. Я благодарен доктору Франческо Гуиди за помощь в работе с бумагами Медичи в архиве Флоренции.

38 Raymond de Roover, The Decline of the Medici Bank’, Journal of Economic History, 7, 1 (5/1947). Pp. 69–82.

39 Stephen Quinn and William Roberds, The Big Problem of Large Bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the Origins of Central Banking’, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Working Paper, 2005-16 (8/2005).

4 °Cм., к примеру: Peter L. Rousseau and Richard Sylla, ‘Financial Systems, Economic Growth, and Globalization’, in Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Tayor and Jeffrey G. Williamson (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Chicago/London, 2003). Pp– 373-4ih.

41 См.: Charles Е Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (London, 1984). E 94.

42 Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (London, 1873).

43 Цитируется no: Kindleberger, Financial History. E 87.

44 Niall Ferguson and Oliver Wyman, The Evolution of Financial Services: Making Sense of the Past, Preparing for the Future (London/New York, 2007). E 34. Мера глобальной ликвидности упомянута на стр. 40.

45 Ibid., р. 63.

46 Ibid., р. 48.

47 http://www. his. org/statisticsfhankstats. htm.

48 Lord [Victor] Rothschild, Meditations of a Broomstick (London, 1977). E 17.

II. Человек – человеку: долг

1 David Wessel and Thomas T, Vogel Jr., ‘Arcane World of Bonds is Guide and Beacon to a Eopulist Eresident’, Wall Street Journal’, 25/2/1993. E Ai.

2 Raymond Goldsmith, Premodern Financial Systems (Cambridge, 1987). Ep. 164–169.

3 См.: M. Veseth, Mountains of Debt: Crisis and Change in Renaissance Florence, Victorian Britain and Postwar America (New York / Oxford, 1990).

4 John H. Munro, The Origins of the Modern Financial Revolution: Responses to Impediments from Church and State in Western Europe, 1200–1600’, University of Toronto Working Taper, 2 (6/7/2001). E 7.

5 James Macdonald, A Free Nation Deep in Debt: The Financial Roots of Democracy (New York, 2003). Ep. 8iff.

6 Jean-Claude Hocquet, ‘City-State and Market Economy’, in Richard Bonney (ed.), Economic Systems and State Finance (Oxford, 1995). Ep. 87–91.

7 Jean-Claude Hocquet, ‘Venice’, in Richard Bonney (ed.), The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, 1200–1815 (Oxford, 1999). E 395.

8 Frederic C Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore, 1973). E 323.

9 Idem, ‘Venetian Bankers, 1496–1533: A Study in the Early Stages of Deposit Banking’, Journal of Political Economy, 45, 2 (4/1937). E 197.

10 Munro, ‘Origins of the Modern Financial Revolution’. P 15.

11 Martin Korner, ‘Public Credit’, in Richard Bonney (ed.), Economic Systems and State Finance (Oxford, 1995). Pp. 520, 524. См. также Juan Gelabert, ‘Castile, 1504–1808’, in Richard Bonney (ed.), The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, c. 1200–1815 (Oxford, 1999). Pp. 2°8ff.

12 Marjolein ‘t Hart, The United Provinces 1579–1806’, in Richard Bonney (ed.), The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, pp. 1200–1815 (Oxford, 1999). Pp. 3iiff.

13 Douglass C. North and Barry R. Weingast, ‘Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England’, Journal of Economic History, 49, 4 (1989). P 803–832. Классический труд по истории финансовой революции в Британии – Р. G. М. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688-1/56 (London, 1967).

14 Лучший рассказ о финансовом крахе монархии – это J. F. Bosher, French Finances, 1//0-1/95 (Cambridge, 1970).

15 Larry Neal, The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason (Cambridge, 1990).

16 Hansard, New Series, vol. XVIII. Pp.. 540–543.

17 Подробнее см.: Niall Ferguson, The World's Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild (London, 1998). См. также: Herbert H. Kaplan, Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: The Critical Years, 1806–1816 (Stanford, 2006).

18 Rothschild Archive, London, xi/109, Nathan Rothschild to his brothers Amschel, Carl and James, 2 January 1816.

19 Rothschild Archive, London, xi/109/2/2/156, Salomon, Paris, to Nathan, London, 29 October 1815.

2 °Cm.: Lord [Victor] Rothschild, The Shadow of a Great Man (London, 1982).

21 Philip Ziegler, The Sixth Great Power: Barings, 1/61-1919 (London, 1988). P 94.

22 Heinrich Heine, Fudwig Borne – ein Denkschrift: Samtliche Schriften, vol. IV (Munich, 1971). P 27.

23 Heinrich Heine, ‘Lutetia’, in Samtliche Schriften, vol. V (Munich, 1971). Pp. 321ft 353-

24 Anon., The Hebrew Talisman (London 1840). Pp. 28ff.

25 Henry Iliowzi, ‘In the Pale’/ Stories and Legends of the Russian Jews (Philadelphia, 1897).

26 Richard McGregor, ‘Chinese Buy into Conspiracy Theory’, Financial Times, 26/9/2007.

27 Marc Flandreau and Juan H. Flores, ‘Bonds and Brands: Lessons from the 1820s’, Center for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper, 6420 (8/2007).

28 Все размещения облигаций, прошедшие не без участия Ротшильдов, перечислены в работе: J. Ayer, A Century of Finance, 1804 to 1904: The London House of Rothschild (London, 1904). Pp. 14–42.

29. Про Амстердам можно многое узнать из следующей работы: James С Riley, International Government Finance and the Amsterdam Capital Market (Cambridge, 1980). Pp. 119–194.

30 Niall Ferguson, The first «Eurobonds»: The Rothschilds and the Financing of the Holy Alliance, 1818–1822’, in William N. Goetz-mann and K. Geert Rouwenhorst (eds.), The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets (Oxford, 2005). Pp. 311–323.

31 Johann Heinrich Bender, Uher den Verkehr mit Staatspapieren in seinen Hauptrichtungen… Als Beylageheft гит Archiv fur die Civilist[ische] Praxis, vol. viii (Heidelberg, 1825). Pp. 6ff.

32 Heine, Ludwig Borne. P. 28.

33 Alfred Rubens, Anglo-Jewish Portraits (London, 1935). P 299.

34 The Times, 15/1/1821.

35 Bertrand Gille, Histoire de la Maison Rothschild, vol. 1: Des origines a 1848 (Geneva, 1965). P 487.

36 Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform from Bryan to F.D.R. (London, 1962). Pp. 75ff.

37 Hermann Furst Puckler, Briefe eines Verstorhenen, ed. Heinz Ohff (Kupfergraben, 1986). P. 7.

38 J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902), Part 1, ch. 4.

39 См., например: Douglas B. Ball, Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat (Urbana, 1991).

40 Irving Katz, August Belmont: A Political Biography (New York, 1968), особенно стр. 96–99.

41 S. Diamond (ed.), A Casual View of America: The Home Letters of Salomon de Rothschild, 1859–1861 (London, 1962).

42 Cm.: Rudolf Glanz, The Rothschild Legend in America’, Jewish Social Studies, 19 (1957). Pp. 3-28.