Обман в науке - Бен Голдакр
Шрифт:
Интервал:
Закладка:
56 ‘исследование слепых экспериментов’: Schulz K.F., Chalmers I., Hayes R.J., Altman D.G. Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials // JAMA. 1995. № 273. P. 408–412.
56 ‘обзор исследований’: Ernst Е., White A.R. Acupuncture for back pain: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Int Med (1998); 158. P. 2235–41.
56 Рисунок: Ibid.
57 ‘стандартный обзор’ Ernst E., Pittler M.H. Efficacy of homeopathic arnica: a systematic review of placebo-controlled clinical trials // Arch Surg. 1998. № 133 (11) (November). P. 1187–1190.
60 ‘описаны два исследования’: Khan K.S., Daya S., Jadad A.R. The importance of quality of primary studies in producing unbiased systematic reviews // Arch. Intern. Med. 1996. № 156. P. 661–666; Moher D., Pham B., Jones A. et al. Does quality of reports of randomized trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in metaanalyses? // Lancet. 1998. № 352. P. 609–613.
62 Рисунок: Ernst E., Pittler M.H. Re-analysis of previous metaanalysis of clinical trials of homeopathy // J. Clin. Epi. 2000. № 53 (11). P. 1188.
66 ‘Знаковый метаанализ’: Shang A., Huwiler-Miintener K., Nartey L., Jiini P., Dorig S., Sterne J.A., Pewsner D., Egger M. Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy // Lancet. 27 August — 2 September. 2005. № 366 (9487). P. 726–732.
67 ‘Однажды больных’: Tallon D., Chard J., Dieppe P. Relation between agendas of the research community and the research consumer // Lancet. 2000. № 355. P. 2037–2040.
61 ‘Они могут сработать’: BBC Radio 4 Case Notes (19 July 2005).
Глава 5. Эффект плацебо72 ‘Неужели плацебо’: The placebo in medicine // Med Press. 1890. № 642. (18 June).
73 ‘Генри Бичер’: Beecher HK. The powerful placebo // JAMA. 1955- № 159 (17) (24 December). P. 1602–1606.
73 ‘Питер Паркер’: Skrabanek P., McCormick J. Follies and Fallacies in Medicine. Tarragon Press, 1989.
75 ‘Дэниела Мормана’: Moerman D.E. General medical effectiveness and human biology: placebo effects in the treatment of ulcer disease //Med. Anth. Quarterly (August 1983); 14; 4. P. 3–16.
76 ‘в других испытаниях’: Craen de A.J, Moerman D.E., Heisterkamp S.H., Tytgat G.N., Tijssen J.G., Kleijnen J. Placebo effect in the treatment of duodenal ulcer // Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1999. № 48 (6) (December). P. 853–860.
77 ‘Блэкуел (1972)’: Blackwell B., Bloomfield S.S., Buncher C.R. Demonstration to medical students of placebo responses and non-drug factors // Lancet. 1972. № 1 (7763) (10 June). P. 1279–1282.
77 ‘Еще одно исследование’: Schapira К., McClelland H.A., Griffiths N.R., Newell D.J. Study on the effects of tablet colour in the treatment of anxiety states // BMJ. 1970 (23 May). № 1 (5707). P. 446–449-
77 ‘касающееся цвета’: Craen de A.J., Roos P.J., Vries de L.A., Kleijnen J. Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived effect of drugs and of their effectiveness // BMJ. 1996. № 313 (7072) (21–28 December). P. 1624–1626.
77 ‘B 1970 году’: Hussain M.Z., Ahad A. Tablet colour in anxiety states // BMJ. 1970 (22 August). № 3 (5720). P. 466.
78 ‘Способ введения’: Grenfell R.F., Briggs A.H., Holland W.C. Double blind study of the treatment of hypertension // JAMA. 1961. № 176. P. 124–128; Craen de A.J.M., Tijssen J.G.P., Gans de J., Kleijnen J. Placebo effect in the acute treatment of migraine: subcutaneous placebos are better than oral placebos // J. Neur. 2000. № 247. P. 183–188. Gracely R.H., Dubner R., McGrath P.A. Narcotic analgesia: fentanyl reduces the intensity but not the unpleasantness of painful tooth pulp sensations // Science (23 March 1979)- № 203 (4386). P. 1261–1263.
78 ‘смехотворная история упаковки’: Kaptchuk T.J., Stason W.B., Davis R.B., Legedza A.R., Schnyer R.N., Kerr C.E., Stone D.A., Nam B.H., Kirsch I., Goldman R.H. Sham device v inert pill: randomized controlled trial of two placebo treatments // BMJ. 2006 (18 February). № 332 (7538). P. 391–397.
77 ‘Брантуайт и Купер’: Branthwaite A., Cooper P. Analgesic effects of branding in treatment of headaches // BMJ. (Clin Res ed). 1981. № 282. P. 1576–1578.
78 ‘недавние исследования’: Waber et al. Commercial features of placebo and therapeutic efficacy // JAMA. 2008. № 299. P. 1016–1017.
79 ‘готовящаяся сейчас к изданию’: Ginoa F. Do we listen to advice just because we paid for it? The impact of advice cost on its use. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2008. В печати (Опубликовано онлайн 25 апреля 2008 года). Доступно на: http://dx.d0i.0rg/10.1016/j.0bhdp.2008.03.001.
79 ‘Монтгомери и Кирш’: Montgomery G.H., Kirsch I. Mechanisms of placebo pain reduction: an empirical investigation // Psych. Science. 1996. № 7. P. 174–176.
80 ‘плацебо-контролируемые испытания’: Cobb L.A., Thomas G.I., Dillard D.H., Merendino K.A., Bruce R.A. An evaluation of internal mammaryartery ligation by a double-blind technic // N. Eng. J. Med. 1959. 28 May. № 260 (22). P. 1115–1118.
81 ‘Шведское исследование’: Linde С., Gadler F., Kappenberger L., Ryden L. Placebo effect of pacemaker implantation in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy // Am. J. Cardiol. 1999. № 83 (6) (15 March). P. 903–907.
81 ‘Электрические аппараты’: Johnson A.G. Surgeiy as a placebo // Lancet. № 344 (8930) (22 October 1994). P. 1140–1142.
81 ‘элегантного исследования’: Crum A.J., Langer E.J. Mindset matters: exercise and the placebo effect // Psych. Science. № 18 (2) (February 2007). P. 165–171.
83 ‘Грилл и Катан’: Gryll S.L., Katahn M. Situational factors contributing to the placebos effect // Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1978. № 57. P. 253–261.
83 ‘Грейсли [1985]’: Gracely R.H., Dubner R., Deeter W.R., Wolskee P.J. Clinicians’ expectations influence placebo analgesia // Lancet. 1985 (5 January). № 1 (8419). P. 43.
84 ‘В 1987 году, Томас’: Thomas К.В. General practice consultations: is there any point in being positive? // BMJ (Clin. Res. ed). 1987. (9 May). № 294 (6581). P. 1200–1202.
85 ‘Реймонд Таллис’: Tallis R. Hippocratic Oaths: Medicine and its Discontents. Atlantic, 2004.
86 ‘Квесалид’: Levi-Strauss C. The sorcerer and his magic // Structural Anthropology / Trans. C. Jacobson, B.G. Schoef. Basic Books, 1963.
87 ‘классическое исследование 1965 года’: Park L.C., Covi L. Nonblind placebo trial: an exploration of neurotic patients’ responses to placebo when its inert content is disclosed // Arch. Gen. Psych. 1965 (April). № 12. P. 36–45.
88 ‘Доктор Стюарт Вулф’: Wolf S. Effects of suggestion and conditioning on the action of chemical agents in human subjects; the pharmacology of placebos // J. Clin. Invest. 1950. 29 (1) (January). P. 100–109.
88 ‘Было показано’: Fuente-Femandez, dela, R., RuthTJ., SossiV., Schulzer М., Caine D.B., Stoessl A.J. Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease / / Science. 2001. № 293 (5532) (10 August). P. 1164–1166.
88 ‘Зубиета (2005)’: Zubieta J.K., Bueller J.A., Jackson L.R., Scott D.J., Xu Y., Koeppe R.A., Nichols T.E., Stohler C.S. Placebo effects mediated by endogenous opioid activity on mu-opioid receptors // J Neur. 2005 (24 August). № 25 (34). P- 7754–7762.
89 ‘Исследователи измерили’: Ader R., Cohen N. Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression // Psychosom. Med. 1975. N9 37 (4) (July-August). P. 333–340.
89 ‘исследователи давали здоровым’: Goebel M.U., Trebst A.E., Steiner J., Xie Y.F., Exton M.S., Frede S., CanbayA.E., Michel M.C., Heemann U., Schedlowski M. Behavioral conditioning of immunosuppression is possible in humans // FASEB J. 2002. № 16 (14) (December). P. 1869–1873.
89 ‘Исследователи даже’: Buske-KirschbaumA., Kirschbaum C., Stierle H., Lehnert H., Hellhammer D. Conditioned increase of natural killer cell activity (NKCA) in humans // Psychosom Med. 1992. № 54 (2) (March-April). P. 123–132.
89 ‘Судя по данным опроса’: Goodwin J.S., Goodwin J.M., Vogel A.V. Knowledge and use of placebos by house officers and nurses // Ann. Intern. Med. 1979. № 91 (1) (July). № 106–110.
90 ‘в tom числе и вы’: Moerman D.E. Meaning, Medicine and the ‘Placebo Effect’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 34.
90 ‘один из самых впечатляющих’: Moerman D.E., Harrington A. Making space for the placebo effect in pain medicine // Sem. in Pain. Med. 2005. № 3 (March) (1 Spec issue). P. 2–6.
91 ‘Еще одно исследование 2002 года’: Walsh В.Т., Seidman S.N., Sysko R., Gould M. Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing // JAMA. 2002. № 287 (14) (10 April). P. 1840–1847.
94 ‘одно из исследований показало’: Ernst Е., Schmidt К. Aspects of MMR // BMJ. 2002. № 325. P. 597.
Глава 6. Заблуждения дня98 ‘Никто не может врать’: Frankfurt H.G. On Bullshit. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. Доступно на: http://press.princeton.edu/video/Frankfurt
115 ‘50 миллиардов долларов’: http://www.nutraingredientsusa.com/news/ng.asp?n=85087
115 ‘проведено в Финляндии’: Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung and other cancers in male smokers // New. Eng. J. Med. 1994. № 330. P. 1029–1035.
115 ‘две группы людей’: ThomquistM.D., OmennG.S., Goodman G.E., Grizzle J.E., Rosenstock L., Barnhart S., Anderson G.L., Hammar S., Balmes J., Cherniack M. Statistical design and monitoring of the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) // Control. Clin. Trials (1993). № 14. P. 308–324; Omenn G.S., Goodman G.E., Thornquist M.D., Balmes J., Cullen M.R., Glass A., et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease // N. Engl. J. Med. 1996. № 334. P. 1150–1155. Доступно на: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=nejm&resid=334/18/1150]
116 ‘В последних’: Vivekananthan D.P. et al. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials // Lancet. 2003. № 361. P. 2017–2023. Доступно на: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/ PIIS0140673603136379/abstract
116 ‘В Кохрановском обзоре’: Caraballoso М., Sacristan М., Serra С., Bonfill X. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003. P. 2.
116 ‘опубликованный Кохрановский обзор’: Bjelakovic G., Nikolova D., Gluud L.L., Simonetti R.G., Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008. P. 2.
117 ‘Бенджамин Спок’: Chalmers I. Invalid health information is potentially lethal // BMJ (2001). № 322 (7292). P. 998.
118 ‘сговоре для удержания цен’: Connor Kluwer J.M. Global Pricefixing: Our Customers Are the Enemy j I Springer. 2001. Доступно на: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7M8n4UN23WsC
119 ‘Сомнение — это наш продукт’: Michaels D. (ed.) Doubt is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Глава 7. Джиллиан МакКейт, кандидат наук124 ‘Дадли Дж. Леблан’: Anderson A. Snake Oil, Hustlers and Hambones: The American Medicine Show. McFarland, 2005.
131 ‘Во время войны’-. Commencement Speech from Caltech 1974, также в Richard Feynman. Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character. WW Norton (1985).
132 web-страница Клейтонского колледжа естественного здоровья: http://www.ccnh.edu/about/programs/tuition.aspx
Глава 8. «Пилюли решают сложные социальные проблемы»146 ‘большое рандомизированное контролируемое исследование’: Hutchings J., Bywater Т., Daley D., Gardner F., Whitaker C., Jones K., Eames C., Edwards R.T. Parenting intervention in Sure Start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: pragmatic randomized controlled trial // BMJ (2007). № 334. P. 678.
146 ‘анализом его экономичности’: Edwards R.T., Ceilleachair A., Bywater Т., Hughes D.A., Hutchings J. Parenting programme for parents of children at risk of developing conduct disorder: cost effectiveness analysis // BMJ (2007). № 334. P. 682.
156 ‘одного исследования, проведенного ученым’: Richardson
A. J., Montgomery P. The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder // Pediatrics. 2005. № 115 (5). P. 1360–1366.
163 ‘продажа болезней’: Moynihan R., Doran E., Henry D. Disease mongering is now part of the global health debate // PLoS Med. 2008. № 5 (5). Доступно на: eio6.doi: io.i37i/ joumal.pmed.0050106
170 ‘профессором Хайвелом Уильямсом’: Williams H.C. Evening primrose oil for atopic dermatitis // BMJ (2003). № 327. P. 1358–1359-
171 ‘самой популярной пищевой добавкой в Великобритании’: ‘The four markets dominating EU supplements’ http://www. nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=85087; “Galenica assumes control of Equazen Nutraceuticals based in the UK”. Пресс-релиз. http://www.galenica.com/Galenica/en/archive/media/ releases/2006_12_04_21398644_meldung.php
Глава 9. Профессор Патрик Холфорд176 ‘систематический обзор Кохрановского сотрудничества’: Douglas R.M., Hemila Н., Chalker Е., Тгеасу В. Vitamin С for preventing and treating the common cold // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1998.1. Date of last update: 14 May 2007. (Кохрановские обзоры постоянно обновляются, при этом все предыдущие версии доступны, так что всегда можно посмотреть, что говорилось раньше.)
