Краткая история тела. 24 часа из жизни тела: секс, еда, сон, работа - Дженнифер Акерман

the intestine”, Science 291, 881–884 (2001); интервью с Джеффри Гордоном, 20 февраля 2005 года.

176

P. B. Eckburg et al., “Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora”, Science 308, 1635–1638 (2005).

177

Ruslan Medzhitov, “Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis”, Cell 118:6, 671–674 (2004); “Good bacteria trigger proteins to protect the gut”.

178

B. S. Samuel and J. L. Gordon, “A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of host-archaeal-bacterial mutualism”, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 103:26, 10011–10016 (2006); F. Backhed et al., “The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage”, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 101:44, 15718–15723 (2004).

179

R. E. Ley et al., “Human gut microbes associated with obesity”, Nature 444, 1022–1023 (2006); P. J. Turnbaugh et al., “An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest”, Nature 444, 1027–1031 (2006).

180

R. H. Goo et al., “Circadian variation in gastric emptying of meals in man”, Gastroenterology 93, 513–518 (1987).

181

Franz Halberg et al., “Chronomics: circadian and circaseptan timing of radiotherapy, drugs, calories, perhaps nutriceuticals and beyond”, Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology 3:5, 223 (2003).

182

Karl-Arne Stokkan et al., “Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding”, Science 291, 490–493 (2001).

183

Ueli Schibler et al., “Peripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food”, Journal of Biological Rhythms 18:3, 250–260 (2003); J. Rutter et al., “Regulation of clock and NPAS2 DNA binding by the redox state of NAD cofactors”, Science 293, 510–514 (2001).

184

C. S. J. Probert et al., “Some determinants of whole-gut transit time: a population-based study”, Quarterly Journal of Medicine 88, 311–315 (1995).

185

R. Bowen, “Gastrointestinal transit: how long does it take?”, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/transit.html, retrieved September 29, 2006; интервью с Ричардом Боуэном, октябрь 2006 года.

186

Ralph A. Lewin, Merde: Excursions in Scientific, Cultural, and Socio-Historical Coprology (New York: Random House, 1999); Backhed, “Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine”, 1917.

187

Bill Rathmell, “No Bull”, http://www.newscientist.com.

188

K. G. Friedeck, “Soy protein fortification of a low-fat dairy-based ice-cream”, Journal of Food Science 68, 2651 (2003).

189

Michael D. Levitt et al., “Evaluation of an extremely flatulent patient”, American Journal of Gastroenterology 93:11, 2276–2281 (1998).

190

Eric Ravussin, “A NEAT way to control weight?”, Science 307, 530–531 (2005); интервью с Эриком Равуссином, 8 августа 2006 года.

191

Jean Mayer, Human Nutrition (Springfield, Ill.: Charles S. Thomas, 1979), 21–24.

192

Eric S. Bachman, “Beta-AR signaling required for diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity resistance”, Science 297, 843–845 (2002).

193

Bradford B. Lowell and Bruce M. Spiegelman, “Towards a molecular understanding of adaptive thermogenesis”, Nature 404, 652–660 (2000).

194

J. A. Levine et al., “Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans”, Science 283, 212–214 (1999); James Levine et Michael Jensen, response to “A fidgeter’s calculation”, Science 284, 1123 (2000).

195

J. A. Levine et al., “Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity”, Science 307, 584–586 (2005). ГЛАВА 6

196

Norton Juster, The Phantom Tollbooth (New York: Random House/Bullseye Books, 1988), 24.

197

У римлян первый час наступал на рассвете, а шестой – между нашими 14 и 16 часами. – Ред.

198

Eighth annual meeting of the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR), Amelia Island, Florida, 2002.

199

Mary Carskadon, “Guidelines for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness”, Sleep 9, 519–524 (1986); Mary Carskadon and William Dement, “Daytime sleepiness: quantification of a behavioral state”, Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review 11, 307–317 (1987).

200

E. Hoddes et al., “Qualification of sleepiness: a new approach”, Psychophysiology 10, 431–436 (1973).

201

A. Argiolas and M. R. Melis, “The neuropharmacology of yawning”, European Journal of Pharmacology 343:1, 1–16 (1998).

202

R. Provine, “Yawning: no effect of 3–5 % CO2, 100 % O2 and exercise”, Behavioral Neural Biology 48:3, 382–393 (1987).

203

Dr. Seuss’s Sleep Book (New York: Random House, 1962).

204

S. M. Platek et al., “Contagious yawning: the role of self-awareness and mental state attribution”, Cognitive Brain Research 17, 223–227 (2003).

205

S. Platek et al., “Contagious yawning and the brain”, Cognitive Brain Research 23, 448–452 (2005); интервью со Стивеном Платеком, 7 сентября 2006 года.

206

N. E. Rosenthal, Winter Blues: Seasonal Affective Disorder (New York: Guilford Press, 1998).

207

S. Schacter et al., “Vagus nerve stimulation”, Epilepsia 39, 677–686 (1998); A. Yamanaka et al., “Hypothalamic orexin neurons regulate arousal according to energy balance in mice”, Neuron 38, 701–713 (2003).

208

T. Kukorelli and G. Juhasz, “Sleep induced by intestinal stimulation in cats”, Physiology and Behavior 19, 355–358 (1977).

209

A. Wells et al., “Influence of fat and carbohydrate on postprandial sleepiness, mood, and hormones”, Physiology and Behavior 61:5, 679–686 (1997).

210

Gary Zammit et al., “Postprandial sleep in healthy men”, Sleep 18:4, 229–231 (1995).

211

M. A. Carskadon and C. Acebo, “Regulation of sleepiness in adolescents: update, insights, and speculation”, Sleep 25:6, 606–614 (2002); M. Carskadon, “The rhythm of human sleep and wakefulness”, presentation at SRBR meeting, 2002; W. Dement and C. Vaughan, The Promise of Sleep (New York: Dell, 2000), 79–84.

212

Peretz Lavie, The Enchanted World of Sleep (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 51; интервью с Перетцом Лави, 14 февраля 2005 года.

213

D. M. Edgar et al., “Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation”, Journal of Neuroscience 13, 1065–1079 (1993); Dement and Vaughan, The Promise of Sleep; интервью с Уильямом Дементом, 5 марта 2005 года.

214

M. Carskadon, “The rhythm of human sleep and wakefulness”.

215

M. M. Mitler et al., “Catastrophes, sleep, and public policy: consensus report”, Sleep 11, 100–109 (1988).

216

Jim Horne et Louise Reyner, “Vehicle accidents related to sleep: a review”, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56, 289–294 (1999).

217

Wilse B. Webb and David F. Dinges, “Cultural perspectives on napping and