Сила доброты. Как с помощью эмпатии менять мир к лучшему - Джамиль Заки

Political Attitudes in Intractable Conflicts? From the Laboratory to the Field,” Psychological Science 24, no. 1 (2013): 106–11. Как и в работах Кэрол Дуэк, вера в способность контролировать эмоции помогает это делать. Например, у подростков, которые считают, что могут влиять на свои чувства, реже бывает депрессия. См. Brett Q. Ford et al., “The Cost of Believing Emotions Are Uncontrollable,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 8 (2018): 1170–90.

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Maya Tamir, “Why Do People Regulate Their Emotions? A Taxonomy of Motives in Emotion Regulation,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 20, no. 3 (2016): 199–222.

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Люди подражают выражениям лиц, позам, настроению и поведению друг друга, иногда даже не осознавая этого. Cecilia Heyes, “Automatic Imitation,” Psychological Bulletin 137, no. 3 (2011): 463–83; Ulf Dimberg et al., “Unconscious Facial Reactions to Emotional Facial Expressions,” Psychological Science 11, no. 1 (2000): 86–89; and Roland Neumann and Fritz Strack, “ ‘Mood Contagion’: The Automatic Transfer of Mood Between Persons,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, no. 2 (2000): 211–23.

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Подробнее см. Jamil Zaki, “Empathy: A Motivated Account,” Psychological Bulletin 140, no. 6 (2014): 1608–47.

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Sylvia A. Morelli et al., “The Emerging Study of Positive Empathy,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 9, no. 2 (2015): 57–68.

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William Ickes et al., “Naturalistic Social Cognition: Empathic Accuracy in Mixed-Sex Dyads,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990): 730–42; and Sara Snodgrass, “Women’s Intuition: The Effect of Subordinate Role on Interpersonal Sensitivity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49, no. 1 (1985): 146–55.

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William T. Harbaugh, “The Prestige Motive for Making Charitable Transfers,” American Economic Review 88, no. 2 (1998): 277–82.

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Eddie Harmon-Jones et al., “The Dissonance-Inducing Effects of an Inconsistency Between Experienced Empathy and Knowledge of Past Failures to Help: Support for the Action-Based Model of Dissonance,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 25, no. 1 (2003): 69–78; and Sonya Sachdeva et al., “Sinning Saints and Saintly Sinners: The Paradox of Moral Self-Regulation,” Psychological Science 20, no. 4 (2009): 523–28.

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Sara Hodges and Kristi Klein, “Regulating the Costs of Empathy: The Price of Being Human,” Journal of Socio-Economics 30, no. 5 (2001): 437–52.

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S. Mark Pancer et al., “Conflict and Avoidance in the Helping Situation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, no. 8 (1979): 1406–11.

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Laura Shaw et al., “Empathy Avoidance: Forestalling Feeling for Another in Order to Escape the Motivational Consequences,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, no. 5 (1994): 879–87.

Это объясняет коллапс сострадания. В серии исследований психологи показывали участникам изображения одного или восьми страдающих детей. Больше эмпатии участники, по их словам, ощущали при виде одного ребенка, и среди них доминировали те, кто тоньше всех воспринимает чужое психологическое состояние. А те, кто специально учился регулировать эмоции, сочувствовали меньше остальных. Страдания масс отпугивают болезненными переживаниями. Коллапс сострадания происходит не потому, что многим жертвам сложно сопереживать, а потому, что люди не хотят этого делать. См. C. Daryl Cameron and B. Keith Payne, “Escaping Affect: How Motivated Emotion Regulation Creates Insensitivity to Mass Suffering,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100, no. 1 (2011): 1–15.

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John M. Darley and C. Daniel Batson, “From Jerusalem to Jericho: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27, no. 1 (1973): 100–108.

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Morelli, “Emerging Study of Positive Empathy”; Sylvia A. Morelli et al., “Empathy and Well-Being Correlate with Centrality in Different Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 37 (2017): 9843–47; and John F. Helliwell and Lara B. Aknin, “Expanding the Social Science of Happiness,” Nature Human Behaviour 2 (2018): 248–52.

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John T. Cacioppo et al., “Reciprocal Influences Between Loneliness and Self-Centeredness: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis in a Population-Based Sample of African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian Adults,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 8 (2017): 1125–35.

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Bernard Burnes, “Kurt Lewin and the Harwood Studies: The Foundations of OD,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 43, no. 2 (2007): 213–31.

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Термин придумали Ричард Талер и Касс Санстейн для книги «Nudge. Архитектура выбора» («Манн, Иванов и Фербер», 2018).

Пенсионные планы: John Beshears et al., “The Importance of Default Options for Retirement Saving Outcomes,” in Social Security Policy in a Changing Environment, ed. Jeffrey Liebman et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009). Доноры органов: Eric J. Johnson and Daniel Goldstein, “Do Defaults Save Lives?” Science 302, no. 5649 (2003): 1338–39.

Поведение меняют не только наджами: так называемые «разумные вмешательства» (wise interventions) лежат ближе к сфере психологии. См. Gregory M. Walton and Timothy D. Wilson, “Wise Interventions: Psychological Remedies for Social and Personal Problems,” Psychological Review 125 (2018): 617–55.

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C. Daniel Batson et al., “Empathy and Attitudes: Can Feeling for a Member of a Stigmatized Group Improve Feelings Toward the Group?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72, no. 1 (1997): 105–18.

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Leonardo Christov-Moore et al., “Empathy: Gender Effects in Brain and Behavior,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 46 (2014): 604–27.

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Kristi Klein and Sara Hodges, “Gender Differences, Motivation, and Empathic Accuracy: When It Pays to Understand,” Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin 27, no. 6 (2001): 720–30; and Geoff Thomas and Gregory R. Maio, “Man, I Feel Like a Woman: When and How Gender-Role Motivation Helps Mind-Reading,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95, no. 5 (2008): 1165–79.

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Samuel L. Gaertner and John F. Dovidio, Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model (New York: Routledge, 2000).