Поля крови. Религия и история насилия - Карен Армстронг

Muhammad at Medina (Oxford, 1956)

The Influence of Islam in Medieval Europe (Edinburgh, 1972)

Muhammad’s Mecca: History in the Qur’an (Edinburgh, 1988)

WEBER, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons (New York, 1947)

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York, 1958)

The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, trans. Hans H. Gerth (Glencoe, Ill., 1949)

The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, trans. Hans H. Gerth and Don Martindale (Glencoe, Ill., 1958)

WEDGWOOD, C. W., The Thirty Years War (New Haven, Conn., 1939)

WEIGHLEY, Russell F. The Age of Battles (Bloomington, Ind., 1991)

WEINFELD, Moshe, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School (Oxford, 1972)

WELCH, Claude E., Jr., Political Modernization (Belmont, Calif., 1967)

WELCH, Holmes, The Parting of the Way: Lao Tzu and the Taoist Movement (London, 1958)

WELLMAN, James K., Jr, ed., Belief and Bloodshed: Religion andViolence across Time and Tradition (Lanham, Md., 2007)

WENKE, K. J., Patterns of Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three MillionYears (New York, 1961) The Origins of Civilizations (Oxford, 1979)

WENSINCK, Jan, Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane, 5 vols (Leiden, 1992)

WESSINGER, Catherine, How the Millennium Comes Violently: Jonestown to Heaven’s Gate (New York, 2000) ed., Millennialism, Persecution and Violence: Historical Circumstances (Syracuse, NY, 1986)

WHITAKER, Jarrod L., Strong Arms and Drinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence and the Body in Ancient India (Oxford, 2011)

WHITBY, Michael and Joseph STREET, eds, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy (New York, 1987)

WHITTAKER, D. H., ed., The Terrorist Reader (London, 2001)

WICKHAM, Lionel R., Hilary of Poitiers: Conflicts of Conscience and Law in the Fourth Century (Liverpool, 1997)

WILLIAMSON, H. G. M., ‘The Concept of Israel in Transition’, in E. E. Clements, ed., The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives (Cambridge, UK, 1989)

WILSON, E. O., On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass., 1978)

WILSON, John F., ‘Religion, Government and Power in the New American Nation’, in Mark A. Noll, ed., Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s (Oxford and New York, 1990)

WIRT, Sherwood Eliot, ed., Spiritual Awakening: Classic Writings of the Eighteenth-Century Devotions to Inspire and Help the Twentieth-Century Reader (Tring, UK, 1988)

WITTFOGEL, Karl A., Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven, Conn., 1957)

WITZEL, Michael, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, in Gavin Flood, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003)

WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES, Violence, Nonviolence and the Struggle for Social Justice (Geneva, 1972)

WRIGHT, Lawrence, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda’s Road to 9 / 11 (New York, 2006)

WRIGHT, Louis B., Religion and Empire: The Alliance between Piety and Commerce in the English Expansion, 1558–1625 (Chapel Hill, 1943)

WRIGHT, Quincy, A Study of War, 2nd ed. (Chicago, 1965)

WYATT, Don J., ‘Confucian Ethical Action and the Boundaries of Peace and War’, in Andre R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, UK, 2011)

YADIN, Yigal, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands: In Light of Archaeological Study, 2 vols (New York, 1963)

YAO, Xinzhong, An Introduction to Confucianism (Cambridge, UK, 2000)

YOVEL, Yirmanyahu, Spinoza and Other Heretics. Vol. 1: The Marrano of Reason; Vol. 2: Adventures of Immanence (Princeton, NJ, 1989)

ZAEHNER, R. C., Hinduism (London, New York and Toronto, 1962)

ZINN, Howard, A People’s History of the United States: From 1492 to the Present, 2nd ed. (London and New York, 1996)

ZWEIG, Stefan, The World of Yesterday: An Autobiography (New York, 1945)

Сноски

1

Библейские цитаты в русском тексте обычно даются по Синодальному переводу. В отдельных местах в перевод внесены изменения, отражающие понимание текста К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.

2

Значение глагола religio – «связывать», и римляне исталковывали religio как связь между людьми и богами. – Прим. ред.

3

В авестийском языке санскритские «дэвы» стали «дайвами».

4

Нарамсин (Наран-Суэн) не сын, а внук Саргона. – Прим. ред.

5

Асура – санскритский аналог авестийского понятия «ахура» («владыка»).

6

Эквивалент санскритского понятия «нирвана» на палийском диалекте, который, видимо, и был языком Будды. Буквально это слово означает «угасание».

7

Экзегеза – истолкование священных текстов. – Прим. ред.

Комментарии

1

Лев. 16:21–22

2

René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, 1977), p. 251 (Жирар Р. Насилие и священное. – М.: НЛО, 2010.)

3

Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization in Society (London, 1968); Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 6–13, 106–10,128–29; O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 22–25; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 223–29; Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 138–40; Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955 ed.), pp. 89–104 (Хейзинга Й. Homo Ludens. Человек играющий. – СПб.: Издательство Ивана Лимбаха, 2015.); Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2001), p. 90; Malise Ruthven, A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America (London, 2002), p. 101; James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War: Comparative Religious Symbolisms of Military Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. xi – xiii, 4–35; Richard English, Terrorism: How to Respond (Oxford and New York, 2009), pp. 27–55

4

Thomas A. Indinopulos & Bryan C. Wilson, eds, What is Religion? Origins, Definitions and Explanations (Leiden, 1998); Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1962); Talal Asad, ‘The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore, 1993); Derek Peterson & Darren Walhof, eds, The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History (New Brunswick, NJ, & London, 2002); Timothy Fitzgerald, ed., Religion and the Secular: Historical and Colonial Formations (London & Oakville, 2007); Arthur L. Greil & David G. Bromley, eds., Defining Religion: Investigating the Boundaries between the Sacred and Secular (Oxford, 2003); Daniel Dubuisson, The Western Construction of Religion: Myths, Knowledge and Ideology, trans. William Sayers (Baltimore, 1998); William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009)

5

Dubuisson, Western Construction of Religion, p. 168

6

H. J. Rose, ‘Religion, terms relating to’, in M. Carey, ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 1949)

7

Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 50–68

8

Louis Jacobs, ed., The Jewish Religion: A Companion (Oxford, 1995), p. 418

9

Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 23–25

10

Ibid., pp. 29–31

11

Ibid., p. 33

12

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 72–85

13

Mircea Eliade, The Myth of Eternal Return, Or, Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ed.), pp. 1–34. (Элиаде М. Миф о вечном возвращении. – М.: Ладомир, 2000.)

14

Ibid., pp. 32–34; Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Michael Bullock (London, 1953), p. 40. (Ясперс К. Смысл и назначение истории. – М.: Республика, 1994.)

15

Paul Gilbert, The Compassionate Mind: A New Approach to Life’s Challenges (London, 2009).

16

P. Broca, ‘Anatomie compare des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grand lobe limbique’, Revue anthropologie, 1, 1868

17

Gilbert, Compassionate Mind, pp. 170–71

18

Mencius, The Book of Mencius, 2A. 6. (Мэн-цзы. – СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение, 1999.)

19

Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Greek Sacrificial Ritual, trans. Peter Bing (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1983), pp. 16–22

20

Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, 3 vols, trans. Willard R. Trask (Chicago & London, 1978, 1982, 1985), 1, pp. 7–8, 24 (Элиаде М. История веры и религиозных идей. – М.: Академический проект, 2014.); Joseph Campbell, Historical Atlas of World Mythologies, 2 vols (New York, 1988), 1, pp. 48–49; Campbell, & Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth (New York, 1988), pp. 70–72, 85–87

21

André Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art (New York, n. d.), p. 112

22

Jill Cook, The Swimming Reindeer (London, 2010)

23

Neil MacGregor, A History of the World in 100 Objects (London, 2001), p. 22. (Макгрегор. История мира в 100 предметах. – М.: Эксмо, 2012.)

24

Ibid., p. 24

25

J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York, 1985), p. 3

26

Walter Burkert, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1980), pp. 54–56; Burkert, Homo Necans, pp. 42–45

27

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 33

28

Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003 ed.), p. 10

29

Theodore Nadelson, Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War (Baltimore, 2005), p. 64

30

Ibid., pp. 68–69

31

Hedges, War is a Force, p. 3

32

I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (New York, 1989), p. 405

33

Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, rev. ed. (New York, 2009), pp. 3–4

34

Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face to Face Killing in Twentieth– Century Warfare (New York, 1999), p. 67

35

Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), pp. 35–36

36

K. J. Wenke, Patterns of Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years (New York, 1961), p. 130; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 120–21; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 35

37

M. H. Fried, The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (New York, 1967), pp. 101–02; C. McCalley, ‘Conference Archives’, in J. Harris, ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 11

38

Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 189–90