История куртизанок - Элизабет Эбботт

Повесть Харриет основана на приобретенном ею опыте рабыни-любовницы, однако в этом произведении говорится и о более общих последствиях недозволенных отношений между белыми мужчинами и рабынями. Сексуальная привлекательность Харриет также угрожала миссис Норком, которая как женщина не обладала достаточной властью, чтобы запретить мужу домогаться расположения рабыни. С точки зрения ее бабушки, любовная связь Харриет с Сэмюэлем Сойером была недопустимым нарушением приличий. Кроме того, пожилая женщина беспокоилась по поводу того, что этот роман может повредить ее тщательно продуманным и так же тщательно выстроенным отношениям с сообществом белых людей, которые терпели ее как свободную чернокожую женщину. Как и все такого рода связи, сожительство Харриет с белым мужчиной, от которого она родила двух детей, ставило под вопрос социальный порядок, определявший жизнь людей в рабовладельческих штатах.

1 Основными источниками этого раздела являются: Т. Baker & Julie Р. Baker, The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996); John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Josephine Boyd Bradley and Kent Anderson Leslie, “White Pain Pollen: An Elite Biracial Daughter’s Quandary” в Sex Love Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American Plistory, под. ред. Martha Hodes (New York, London: New York University Press, 1999); Victoria E. Bynum, The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South (Chapel Hill, NO: The University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Catherine Clinton, The Plantation Mistress: Woman’s World in the Old South (New York: Pantheon Books, 1982); E. Cunningham, In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987); Paul D. Escott, Slavery Remembered: A Record of Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives (Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline Press, 1979); Laura T. Fishman, Slave Women, Resistance and Criminality: A Prelude to Future Accommodation, Women & Criminal Justice, 7, no. I (1995), 35–65; David P. Geggus, “Slave and Free Colored Women in Saint Domingue” в D.B. Gaspar and D.C. Hine, More than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1996); Elizabeth Fox Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Eugene Genovese, Roll Jordan Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974); Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976); Minrose C. Gwin, “Greeneyed Monsters of the Slavocracy: Jealous Mistresses in Two Slave Narratives” в Black Women in United States History, под ред. D. Clark Hine (New York: Carlson Publishing Inc., 1990); Douglas Hall, In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750-86 (Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1989); Darlene Clark Hine, “Female Slave Resistance: The Economics of Sex” в Black Women in United States History, ред. D. Clark Hine (New York: Carlson Publishing Inc., 1990); Martha Hodes, “Illicit Sex Across the Color Line: White Women and Black Men in the Civil War South”, Critical Matrix 15 (fall/winter, 1989) 29–64; Thomas N. Ingersoll, Mammon and Manon in early New Orleans (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1999); Harriet A. Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987); Thelma Jennings, “«Us Colored Women Had To Go Through A Plenty»: Sexual Exploitation of African-American Slave Women”, Journal of Womens History I, no. 3 (winter 1990), 45–68; James Hugo Johnston, Miscengenation in the Ante-Bellum South (New York: AMS Press Inc., 1972), переработано из диссертации, подготовленной в Чикагском университете в 1937 г.; James Hugo Johnston, Race Relations in Virginia and Miscegenation in the South, 1776–1860 (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1970); Winthrope D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro, 1550–1812 (New York: Norton & Com., 1977); James Joy, “Searching for a Tradition: African-American Women Writers, Activists, and Interracial Rape Cases” в Black Women in America, под ред. K.M. Vaz (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 1995); Wilma King, “Suffer with them till Death”: Slave Women and Their Children in Nineteenth Century America, в D.B. Gaspar and D.C. Hine, More than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1996); Herbert S. Klein, Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967); Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619–1877 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993); Нй1ипе Lecaudey, “Behind the Mask: Ex-Slave Women and Interracial Relations” в Discovering the Women in Slavery ред. P. Morton (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1996); John G. Mencke, Mulattoes and Race Mixture: American Attitudes and Images 1865–1918 (место издания не указано: UMI Research Press, 1979); Marietta Morrissey, Slave Women in the New World: Gender Stratifcation in the Caribbean (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1989); American Negro Slavery: A Documentary History, ред. Michael Mullin (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1976); Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves, ред. C.L. Perdue, T.E. Barden and R.K. Phillips (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1976); Edward Byron Reuter, The Mulatto in the United States (Boston: The Gorham Press, 1918); Women and Slavery in Africa, ред. C.C. Robertson and Martin A. Klein (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Willie L. Rose, A Documentary History of Slavery in North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976); Judith Schafter, “«Open and Notorious Concubinage»: The Emancipation of Slave Mistresses by Will and the Supreme Court in Antebellum Louisiana” в D. Clark Hine, Black Women in United States History (New York: Carlson Publishing Inc., 1990); Ann A. Shockley, Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide (New York: Meridian Book Printing, 1989); Six Womens Slave Narratives (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); Julia F. Smith, Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821–1860 (Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1973); Kim M. Vaz, “Organization of the Anthology” в Black Women in America, ред. K.M. Vaz (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 1995); Richard C. Wade, Slavery in the Cities: the South 1820–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964); Deborah G. White, Ain’t I A Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York: W.W. Norton & Со., 1985); и Voices from Slavery, ред. Norman R. Yetman (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970). Дополнительно для лучшего понимания повествований рабов я изучала следующие критические источники: David Thomas Bailey, “A Divided Prism: Two Sources of Black Testimony on Slavery”, The Journal of Southern History, 46, no. 3 (August 1980), 381–404; Slave Testimonies: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies, ред. John W. Blassingame (Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1977); Catherine Clinton, The Other Civil War: American Women in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984); Jill K. Conway, The Female Experience in 18th and 19th Century America: A Guide to the History of American Women (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); Hazel V. Corby, Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Alice A. Deck, “Whose Book Is This? Authorial Versus Editorial Control of Harriet Brent Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written By Herself', Women’s Studies International Forum, 10, no. I (1987), 33–40; Thomas Doherty, “Harriet Jacobs; Narrative Strategies: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl”, Southern Literary Journal, 19, no. I (1986), 79–91; Francis Smith Foster, Witnessing Slavery: The Development of Ante-Bellum Slave Narratives, 2-е издание (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1994); Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: New Critical Essays, ред. Deborah M. Garfield and Rafia Zafar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Raymond Hedin, “The American Slave Narrative: The Justification of the Picaro”, American Literature 53, no. I (January 1982), 630–645; Raymond Hedin, “Muffled Voices: The American Slave Narrative”, Clio, 10, no. 2 (1981), 129–142; Carolyn L. Karcher, “Lydia Maria Child’s A Romance of the Republic. An Abolitionist Vision of America’s Racial Destiny” в Slavery and the Literary Imagination, ред. Deborah E. McDowell and Arnold Rampersad (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989); Carolyn L. Karcher, The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994); Joycelyn K. Moody, “Ripping Away the Veil of Slavery: Literacy, Communal Love, and Self-Esteem in Three Slave Women’s Narratives”, Black American Literature Forum, 24, no. 4 (winter, 1990), 633–648; Winifred Morgan, “Gender-Related Difference in the Slave Narratives of Harriet Jacobs and Lrederick Douglass”, American Studies, 35, no. 2 (1994), 73–94; Charles H. Nichols, “Who Read the Slave Narratives?”, Phylon, 20, no. 2 (1959), 149–162; Robert L. Sayre, “The Proper Study-Autobiographies in American Studies”, American Quarterly, 29, no. 3 (1977), 241–262; Laura E. Tanner, “Self-Conscious Representation in the Slave Narrative”, Black American Literature Forum, 24, no. 4 (winter, 1987), 415–424; Deborah Gray White, Ain’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York, London: W.W. Norton & Co., 1987); Cynthia Griffin Wolff, “Passing Beyond the Middle Passage: Henry «Box» Brown’s Translations of Slavery”, Massachusetts Review, 37, no. I (1996), 23–44; Jean Lagan Yellin, Women & Sisters: The Antislavery Feminists in American Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); и Jean Lagan Yellin, “Text and Contexts of Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself’ в The Slave’s Narrative, ред. C.T. Davis and H.L. Gates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).