Европа. Борьба за господство - Брендан Симмс

422

Quoted in Patricia Chastain Howe, Foreign Policy and the French Revolution. Charles-François Dumouriez, Pierre LeBrun, and the Belgian Plan, 1789–1793 (Basingstoke, 2008), p. 47.

423

Quoted in Whiteman, Reform, revolution and French global policy, p. 130.

424

Linda and Marsha Frey, ‘“The reign of the charlatans is over”. The French Revolutionary attack on diplomatic practice’, Journal of Modern History, 65, 4 (1993), pp. 706–44, especially pp. 714–17.

425

The Brunswick Manifesto, 25.7.1792, in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, pp. 307–8.

426

Munro Price, The fall of the French monarchy. Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the Baron de Breteuil (London, 2002).

427

Declaration of the National Assembly, in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, p. 285.

428

Decree of Fraternity and Help to Foreign Peoples, 19.11.1792, in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, p. 381.

429

Quoted in T. C. W. Blanning, The French Revolution in Germany. Occupation and resistance in the Rhineland, 1792–1802 (Oxford, 1983), p. 64.

430

Erwin Oberländer, ‘“Ist die Kaiserin von Russland Garant des Westfälischen Friedens?” Der Kurfürst von Trier, die Französische Revolution und Katharina II. 1789–1792, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, New Series, 35 (1987), pp. 218–31.

431

Jerzy Lukowski, Liberty’s folly. The Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century, 1697–1795 (London and New York, 1991), p. 265.

432

David Pickus, Dying with an enlightening fall. Poland in the eyes of German intellectuals, 1764–1800 (Lanham etc., 2001), pp. 36–45, 54–9 and 126–31 (quotation pp. 126–7).

433

Moser’s warning is quoted in Burgdorf, Reichskonstitution und Nation, p. 343.

434

Thomas Hippler, Citizens, soldiers and national armies. Military service in France and Germany, 1789–1830 (London and New York, 2008).

435

Quoted in Reynald Secher, A French genocide. The Vendée (Notre Dame, Ind., 2003), pp. 250–51.

436

Quoted in Richard Whatmore, ‘“A gigantic manliness”. Paine’s republicanism in the 1790s’, in Stefan Collini, Richard Whatmore and Brian Young (eds.), Economy, polity and society. British intellectual history, 1750–1950 (Cambridge, 2000), p. 150. For the strategic context of Paine’s thought see pp. 136, 138–40, 149 and passim.

437

Decree of 15.12.1792, in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, p. 383.

438

David A. Bell, The first total war. Napoleon’s Europe and the birth of modern warfare (London, 2007).

439

Quoted in Howe, Foreign policy and the French Revolution, pp. 119 and 151.

440

Quoted in Jörg Ulbert, ‘France and German dualism, 1756–1871’, in Carine Germond and Henning Türk (eds.), A history of Franco-German relations in Europe. From ‘hereditary enemies’ to partners (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 41–2.

441

Quoted in Biro, German policy of Revolutionary France, Vol. II, p. 624.

442

T. C. W. Blanning, Reform and revolution in Mainz, 1743–1803 (Cambridge, 1974).

443

Monika Neugebauer-Wölk, Revolution und Constitution. Die Brüder Cotta. Eine biographische Studie zum Zeitalter der Französischen Revolution und des Vormärz (Berlin, 1989), especially pp. 141–3.

444

Blanning, Reform and revolution in Mainz.

445

The quotations of Duke Frederick and the Bavarian envoy are in Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, pp. 60–61.

446

The Senckenberg quotation is in Burgdorf, Reichskonstitution und Nation, p. 411.

447

Букв. «всеобщее вооружение народа» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

448

Букв. «массовое вооружение» (фр.), всеобщая воинская повинность. Примеч. ред.

449

Пример авторского анахронизма: переворот 18 фрюктидора был поддержан Наполеоном, но до единоличной власти (переворот 18 брюмера) оставалось еще два года. Примеч. ред.

450

Philip Dwyer, Napoleon. The path to power, 1769–1799 (London, 2007), passim.

451

Quoted in Blanning, ‘Frederick the Great’, in Simms and Urbach (eds.), Die Rückkehr der ‘Grossen Männer’, p. 23.

452

Philip G. Dwyer (ed.), ‘Napoleon and the drive for glory: reflections on the making of French foreign policy’, in Philip G. Dwyer (ed.), Napoleon and Europe (London, 2001), p. 129.

453

Javier Cuenca Esteban, ‘The British balance of payments, 1772–1820: India transfers and war finance’, Economic History Review, 54, 1 (2001), pp. 58–86, especially pp. 58 and 65–6.

454

Quoted in Gunther E. Rothenberg, ‘The origins, causes, and extension of the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (1988), p. 789.

455

Daniela Neri, ‘Frankreichs Reichspolitik auf dem Rastatter Kongress (1797–1799)’, Francia, 24 (1997), pp. 137–57, especially pp. 155–6.

456

Quoted in Hochedlinger, ‘Who’s afraid of the French Revolution?’, p. 310.

457

Geoffrey Symcox, ‘The geopolitics of the Egyptian expedition, 1797–1798’, in Irene A. Bierman (ed.), Napoleon in Egypt (Reading, 2003).

458

Quoted in Edward James Kolla, ‘Not so criminal: new understandings of Napoleon’s foreign policy in the east’, French Historical Studies, 30, 2 (2007), p. 183. О склонности Наполеона воспринимать Азию в рамках европейской концепции баланса сил: Iradji Amini, Napoleon and Persia. Franco-Persian relations under the First Empire, within the con – text of the rivalries between France, Britain and Russia (Richmond, 1999), pp. 47–54.

459

Quoted in Karl A. Roider, Baron Thugut and Austria’s response to the French Revolution (Princeton, 1992), pp. 283–4.

460

Manfred Hellmann, ‘Eine Denkschrift über Russland aus dem Jahre 1800’, in Heinz Dollinger, Horst Gründer and Alwin Hanschmidt (eds.), Weltpolitik. Europagedanke. Regionalismus (Münster, 1962), pp. 135 and 156 (quotation p. 139).