Грамматические трудности перевода. Английский язык для юристов - Нина Огнева

1. The economic situation in this country is reported to be improving.

2. The conference is expected to be held on the premises of the Academy.

3. Punishment is thought, sometimes correctly, to act as a deterrent both to the convict and to others.

4. The invention is expected to be of great importance for the protection of the environment.

5. Political stability is generally thought to be a good thing, but economic changes are usually inevitable.

6. The registration of a company may be cancelled if its objects turn out to be illegal.

7. Contract damages are merely intended to compensate a plaintiff for his loss.

8. A lot of research has shown that people are more likely to read and believe publicity than advertising.

9. He seems to have excluded himself from the vice-presidential candidacy at the time when the public opinion polls report that he is most popular.

10. The British Queen is expected to be impartial or “above politics” and her political advice to the Prime Minister is kept secret.

11. A barrister is required to have reached an accepted educational standard and to have become a member of the Inns of Court1.

12. In recent times lawyers have made efforts to make their profession less mysterious; after all, their job is supposed to clarify matters for the public, not to make them more complicated.

13. Lawyers try to explain exactly why a judicial decision has been made, even when the decision appears to be obvious common sense.

14. The overall acquittal rate is said to be increasing now that defendants have the right to be tried by a jury.

15. Due to the system of checks and balances the President is not as powerful as many people outside the US seem to think he is.

16. War crimes are understood to mean serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during international or non-international armed conflicts.

17. It is a criminal offence to publish anything which is likely to ‘deprave and corrupt’ people. This law is aimed at preventing the worst type of pornographic material from being published.

I think hardship is necessary for life to be good, for you to enjoy it.

If you don’t know hardship, you don’t

know when you have it good.

Wallace Rassmussen, President, Beatrice Foods, Chicago

4. For – фразы с инфинитивом

MODELS

1. It is cheaper for a company to issue bonds than shares. Выпуск облигаций обходится компании дешевле, чем выпуск акций.

2. Some industrial projects are too sophisticated for experts to evaluate their effect on the environment.

Некоторые промышленные объекты настолько сложны, что эксперты не могут оценить степень их влияния на окружающую среду.

1. The problem under discussion was too complicated for the participants in the Congress to cope with.

2. All these factors aggravated the debt problem and it was impossible for the country to meet its external debt service obligations in time.

3. One of the ways to run a business is for two or more people to form a partnership in which they share management, profits and liabilities to debts.

4. There is always a need for management to give the front line personnel relevant guidelines for all activities.

5. The WTO is a forum for member governments to negotiate trade agreements and to try to sort out trade problems.

6. Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, and their interpretations may become precedents for other courts to follow.

7. As a first step it is customary for the solicitor to try to settle a dispute without litigation.

8. It is necessary for at least ten of the twelve jurors to agree in order to find a defendant guilty.

9. It is now possible for barristers to be employed by firms of solicitors, companies, or other institutions as in-house lawyers.

10. Immediately after judgement has been given, it is usual for the counsel for the successful party to ask for costs, and this is a matter for the judge’s discretion.

11. It is possible for American candidates to win a majority in a state and still lose the popular vote and the Electoral College.

12. Cabinet officials are appointees of the President, so when the President’s service ends it is customary for the Cabinet to resign.

13. The US Special Courts have been established to handle cases which are sometimes difficult for a judge to understand.

14. It is essential for a sovereign state to be able to create such legal relations with other entities as it feels fit.

15. In recent years it has been difficult for intellectual property law to keep pace with technological change.

16. They say, there are a lot of young lawyers now, far too many for the legal job market to absorb.

17. It is illegal for businesses to conspire with each other in order to fix prices or divide markets between them.

Lawyers with a weakness for seeing the merits of

the other side end up being employed by neither.

Richard J. Barnet

5. Герундий в различных синтаксических функциях

MODELS

1. Rewriting laws is a slow and painstaking process. Пересмотр законов – это длительный и трудоемкий процесс.

2. Sometimes we can break rules without suffering any penalty.

Иногда мы можем нарушать правовые нормы, не подвергаясь за это никакому наказанию.

3. Some people have gone so far as describing political power (a consequence of lobbying) as one of the main components of marketing.

Некоторые люди настолько переоценивают роль политической власти (результат лоббирования), что считают ее одной из основных составляющих маркетинга.

1. In England the main decision for a future lawyer is between becoming a barrister or solicitor.

2. Many people believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated, but there are arguments for maintaining as well as removing the distinction.

3. The precedent is the rule of law which the first instance judge relied on in determining the case’s outcome.

4. Some transactions are so complex that few of us would risk making them without seeking legal advice: for example, buying or selling a house or setting up a business.

5. Punishing offenders, compensating the injured and enforcing agreements are merely some of the tasks of a modern legal system.

6. Many brutal methods have been used throughout history to execute condemned criminals, including being burnt alive, thrown to wild animals, boiled in oil, pressed to death, stretched on a rack, disemboweled and beheaded.

7. Assault is placing another in apprehension or fear of an imminent battery.

8. In countries where there is much political corruption certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence.

9. Common law or case law system differs from Continental law in having developed gradually throughout history.

10. On coming to office the British Prime Minister has to fill about seventy ministerial positions from the ranks of his supporters in Both Houses of Parliament.

11. If a partnership was set up for an indefinite period, it can be ended by any partner giving notice to all of the others.

12. Financial legislation may become law within a month of its being passed by the Commons, regardless of the attitude of the Lords.

13. Courts are often criticized for being biased, and incidents of judges handing down guilty verdicts to defendants under pressure from prosecutors are widespread.

14. The state, by assuming responsibility for chastising the criminal, reduces the risk of victims of crime ‘taking the law into their own hands’.

15. Instead of individuals being compelled to fend for themselves, the law oversees and coordinates public services that would be beyond the capacity of citizens or the private sector to achieve, such as defence or national security.

What is conservatism? Is it not belief in the old

and tried rather than the new and untried?

Abraham Lincoln

6. Rather Than, Other Than

MODELS

Rather than – а не (не а), скорее… чем

Most lawyers work with a team rather than alone. One important member of that team is the paralegal. Большинство юристов работают не в одиночку, а в команде, и в ее составе обычно имеется помощник юриста.

Other than – помимо, кроме, иной… чем, отличный от, за исключением

The contract provided for the carriage of various goods other than deck cargos.

Контракт предусматривал перевозку различных товаров, помимо палубных грузов.

1. The basic idea behind the “marketing concept” is that you make what you can sell rather than sell what you make.

2. Many people think that lawyers are trained to give their clients answers, rather than bring them to agreement.

3. Some people argue that companies have to be careful never to cheat customers, but for purely business reasons rather than ethical ones: disappointed customers will not buy any more of your products in the future.

4. If your neighbour plays loud music late at night, you probably try to discuss the matter with him, rather than consulting the police.

5. Sometimes people are arrested for no reason other than their poverty.

6. Representation other than by lawyers has become an important form of representation before tribunals.

7. In medieval England judges attempted to apply existing customs and laws to each new case, rather than making the government write new laws.

8. The duties of barristers are governed by rules of professional etiquette which depend on customs and traditions rather than upon statute.

9. A defendant can file a counterclaim against a plaintiff, if another cause of action is involved, and it must be other than simply an answer to the claim of the plaintiff.

10. Barristers are invariably instructed by solicitors, rather than directly by the client, whereas clients go directly to solicitors.

11. In most criminal justice systems the majority of offenders are dealt with by means other than custody, i.e. by fines, probation or supervision.

12. Generally the House of Representatives rarely schedules an important meeting on the day other than Tuesday through Thursday, because there might not be enough members on hand for a quorum.

13. Arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person’s benefit rather than his own are called Law of Trusts.

14. An employee whose contract is terminated other than by being given notice of the required length can have a claim for wrongful dismissal.

15. The holder of a patent is often a company rather than the individuals who invent something in the course of their work.

16. Although members of the European Parliament are elected on a national basis, they sit according to political groups rather than their nationality.

17. An easement is the right of one other than the owner to affect another’s property interests and rights.

Since love grows within you, so beauty grows.

For love is the beauty of the soul.

Saint Augustine

7. Союзы Since, For, As

MODELS

Since

1) поскольку, так как

Since marriage implies consent, states uniformly deny marriage licenses to the mentally incompetent.

Поскольку вступление в брак предполагает наличие согласия сторон, во всех штатах запрещено выдавать разрешение на вступление в брак лицам с психическими заболеваниями.

2) с тех пор, как; после того как

Since the law was altered, a great number of sentences have been reviewed by the Court of Appeal.

C тех пор, как в закон были внесены изменения, апелляционный суд пересматривает приговоры по большому количеству дел.

For – поскольку, ибо

The arbitrator has authority to settle the dispute, for the disputants agreed to abide by his decision.

У арбитра есть полномочия разрешать спор, поскольку стороны в споре согласны подчиниться его решению.

As

1) поскольку, так как

Competition law is very complex, as it combines economics and law.

Конкурентное право является очень сложной областью права, поскольку оно объединяет в себе экономическую и юридическую составляющие.

2) когда; в то время как; по мере того как

The heroism of law enforcement officers was graphically illustrated in the September 11, 2001, attack on America when officers were rushing to the World Trade Center twin towers as citizens were rushing from it.

Ярким примером героизма сотрудников правоохранительных органов стали события 11 сентября 2001 года, когда во время теракта полицейские стремились как можно быстрее добраться до башен-близнецов Всемирного торгового центра, в то время как простые граждане убегали оттуда.

1. Transition to a market economy is a very long-term task, for it takes longer to change a society than to build a city or reconstruct an enterprise.

2. The new challenge which faced the international community as it approached the beginning of the second millennium was the implementation of human rights.