Эпидемии и общество: от Черной смерти до новейших вирусов - Фрэнк Сноуден

Relazione dell'Ufficio Centrale composto dei senatori Pantaleoni, Moleschott, Verga e Torelli, «Bonificamento delle regioni di malaria lungo le ferrovie d'Italia,» Atti parlamentari: Senato del Regno, sessione del 1880-81-92, documenti, n. 19-A, Appendix 13 (my translation).

198

Цит. по: Tognotti, Per una storia, 230–231.

199

«Mosquito Eradication and Malaria Control,» excerpt from Trustees' Confidential Report, January 1, 1954, Rockefeller Archive Center, Record Group 1.2, Series 700 Europe, box 12, folder 101, p. 17.

200

Письмо Джона Логана, Sardinia Anopheles Eradication Project, August 1948, Rockefeller Archive Center, Record Group 1.2, Series 700 Europe, box 13, folder 113.

201

Письмо Пола Рассела Альберто Миссироли, November 3, 1949, Rockefeller Archive Center, Record Group 1.2, Series 700 Europe, box 14, folder 116.

202

Silvio Sirigu, «Press Digest: UNRRA Assistance to Sardinia,» from Il Nuovo Giornale d'Italia, December 12, 1946, United Nations Archive, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 1943–1949, PAG-4/3.0.14.0.0. 2:1.

203

B. Fantini, «Unum facere et alterum non omittere: Antimalarial Strategies in Italy, 1880–1930),» Parassitologia 40, nos. 1–2 (1998): 100.

204

David Oshinsky, Polio: An American Story (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 53.

205

Paul De Kruif, «Polio Must Go,» Ladies' Home Journal 52, no. 7 (July 1, 1935): 22.

206

Jonas E. Salk, «Considerations in the Preparation and Use of Poliomyelitis Virus Vaccine,» Journal of the American Medical Association 158 (August 6, 1955): 1239–1240.

207

De Kruif, «Polio Must Go,» 22.

208

Salk, «Considerations,» 1239.

209

«Polio Victory May Spell End of All Virus Diseases,» New York Herald Tribune, April 17, 1955, p. A2.

210

Bonnie Angelo, «Salk, Sabin Debate How to Fight Polio,» Newsday, March 18, 1961, p. 7.

211

Alexander Langmuir, «Epidemiological Considerations,» US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, «Symposium on Present Status of Poliomyelitis and Poliomyelitis Immunization,» Washington, DC, November 30, 1960, Albert Sabin Archives, Series 7, box 7.5, folder 10.

212

Paul A. Offit, «The Cutter Incident, 50 Years Later,» New England Journal of Medicine 352 (April 7, 2005): 1411–1412.

213

Цит. по: Alison Day, «'An American Tragedy': The Cutter Incident and Its Implications for the Salk Polio Vaccine in New Zealand, 1955–1960,» Health and History 11, no. 2 (2009): 46.

214

Слова Зафран цит. по: Leslie Roberts, «Alarming Polio Outbreak Spreads in Congo, Threatening Global Eradication Efforts,» Science, July 2, 2018, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/07/polio-outbreaks-congo-threaten-global-eradication.

215

Suzanne Daley, «AIDS in South Africa: A President Misapprehends a Killer,» New York Times, May 14, 2000, p. WK4.

216

«Parliamentary Speeches of Mr. P. W. Botha,» National Archives, United Kingdom, FCO 45/2369/73, p. 2.

217

«New Figures Show Staggering Rate of Urbanisation in SA,» Rand Daily Mail, May 26, 2015.

218

Jeremy Seekings, Policy, Politics and Poverty in South Africa (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 2.

219

Greg Nicolson, «South Africa: Where 12 Million Live in Poverty,» Daily Maverick, February 3, 2015, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-02-03-south-africa-where-12-million-live-in-extreme-poverty/#.V5zS7I5ErVo.

220

Seekings, Policy, Politics, 7.

221

Jason M. Breslow, «Nelson Mandela's Mixed Legacy on HIV/AIDS,» Frontline, December 6, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/nelson-mandelas-mixed-legacy-on-hivaids/.

222

Peter Duesberg, Claus Koehnlein, and David Rasnick, «The Chemical Bases of the Various AIDS Epidemics: Recreational Drugs, Anti-Viral Chemotherapy and Malnutrition,» Journal of Biosciences 28, no. 4 (June 2003): 383.

223

Цит. по: Declan Walsh, «Beetroot and Spinach the Cure for AIDS, Say Some in S Africa,» Irish Times, March 12, 2004, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/beetroot-and-spinach-the-cure-for-aids-say-some-in-s-africa-1.1135185.

224

Это письмо доступно на сайте программы Frontline: «Thabo Mbeki's Letter,» April 3, 2000, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/docs/mbeki.html.

225

Makgoba: Chris McGreal, «How Mbeki Stoked South Africa's Aids Catastrophe,» Guardian, June 11, 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/12/aids.chrismcgreal; Kaunda: André Picard, «AIDS Summit Convenes at Ground Zero,» Globe and Mail, July 8, 2000, p. A2.

226

Цит. по: André Picard, «AIDS Deniers Should Be Jailed: Head of AIDS Body Slams Fringe Movement,» Globe and Mail, May 1, 2000, p. A3.

227

«Mandela's Only Surviving Son Dies of AIDS,» Irish Times, January 26, 2005, p. 10.

228

UNAIDS, Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2008, August 2008, http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc1510_2008globalreport_en_0.pdf.

229

Цит. по Celia W. Dugger, «Study Cites Toll of AIDS Policy in South Africa,» New York Times, November 25, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/world/africa/26aids.html.

230

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848), available at https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdf, p. 16, accessed June 10, 2016.

231

Там же.

232

Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin's, 1987), 15.

233

Цит. по: Marlene Cimons, «Ban on Explicit AIDS Education Materials to End,» Los Angeles Times, December 15, 1991, http://articles.latimes.com/1991-12-15/news/mn-993_1_aids-educational-materials.

234

The Federal Response to the AIDS Epidemic: Information and Public Education, Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Session, March 16, 1987 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1987), 18–19.

235

Там же, 4.

236

Там же, 2.

237

Там же, 16, 19.

238

Hearing before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session, «AIDS and HIV Infection in the African-American Community,» September 16, 1994 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1995), 14.

239

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, «HIV/AIDS among African Americans,» 2003, http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps63544/afam.pdf.

240

Paul Denning and Elizabeth NiNenno, «Communities in Crisis: Is There a Generalized HIV Epidemic in Impoverished Urban Areas of the United States?,» Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last updated August 28, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/poverty.html.

241

NAACP, «Criminal Justice Fact Sheet,» http://www.naacp.org/pages/criminal-justice-fact-sheet, accessed August 16, 2016.

242

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, «HIV/AIDS among African Americans.»

243

Hearing before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, 75.

244

Там же, 76, 80.

245

Jon Cohen, «The Sunshine State's Dark Cloud: New Efforts Aim to Curb Florida's Startlingly High HIV Infection Rate,» Science 360, no. 6394 (June 15, 2018): 1176–1179, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6394/1176.

246

Там же.

247

Эта глава во многом основана на моей ранней публикации: «Emerging and Reemerging Diseases: A Historical Perspective,» Immunological Reviews 225 (2008): 9–26. Copyright © 2008 The Author.

248

Aidan Cockburn, The Evolution